Table 4.
Association between the variables and the nutritional status of the respondents according to BMI for age and height for age (n=401)
| Nutritional status | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| BMI for age | Height for age | |||||||||||||||||
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| Under nourished (n=47) | Normal (n=328) | Over nourished (n=26) | χ2 | P | Severe stunting (n=22) | Moderate stunting (n=88) | Normal (n=291) | χ2 | P | |||||||||
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| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||||
| Sociodemographic Profile of the Family | ||||||||||||||||||
| Caste | ||||||||||||||||||
| OBC | 42 | 89.4 | 285 | 86.9 | 23 | 88.5 | 0.3 | 0.88 | 20 | 90.9 | 77 | 87.5 | 253 | 86.9 | 0.3 | 0.86 | ||
| Other than OBC | 5 | 10.6 | 43 | 13.1 | 3 | 11.5 | 2 | 9.1 | 11 | 12.5 | 38 | 13.1 | ||||||
| Single Parenting | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 43 | 91.5 | 303 | 92.4 | 25 | 96.2 | 0.6 | 0.75 | 21 | 95.5 | 81 | 92.0 | 269 | 92.4 | 0.3 | 0.86 | ||
| Yes | 4 | 8.5 | 25 | 7.6 | 1 | 3.8 | 1 | 4.5 | 7 | 8.0 | 22 | 7.6 | ||||||
| Educational Status of Father | ||||||||||||||||||
| Illiterate | 10 | 21.3 | 46 | 14.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 0.23 | 2 | 9.1 | 13 | 14.8 | 42 | 14.4 | 1.7 | 0.80 | ||
| Up to middle school | 26 | 55.3 | 182 | 55.5 | 14 | 53.8 | 15 | 68.2 | 49 | 55.7 | 158 | 54.3 | ||||||
| Above middle school | 11 | 23.4 | 100 | 30.5 | 11 | 42.3 | 5 | 22.7 | 26 | 29.5 | 91 | 31.3 | ||||||
| Educational Status of Mother | ||||||||||||||||||
| Illiterate | 16 | 34.0 | 82 | 25.0 | 4 | 15.4 | 4.8 | 0.30 | 5 | 22.7 | 22 | 25.0 | 75 | 25.8 | 0.9 | 0.93 | ||
| Up to middle school | 23 | 48.9 | 204 | 62.2 | 19 | 73.1 | 13 | 59.1 | 53 | 60.2 | 180 | 61.9 | ||||||
| Above middle school | 8 | 17.0 | 42 | 12.8 | 3 | 11.5 | 4 | 18.2 | 13 | 14.8 | 36 | 12.4 | ||||||
| Occupational Status of Father* | ||||||||||||||||||
| Skilled and above | 27 | 61.4 | 209 | 68.1 | 14 | 56.0 | 2.1 | 0.35 | 11 | 52.4 | 49 | 59.8 | 190 | 69.6 | 4.7 | 0.09 | ||
| Unemployed/Unskilled | 17 | 38.6 | 98 | 31.9 | 11 | 44.0 | 10 | 47.6 | 33 | 40.2 | 83 | 30.4 | ||||||
| Occupational Status of Mother# | ||||||||||||||||||
| Skilled and above | 7 | 15.2 | 87 | 26.9 | 6 | 23.1 | 3.0 | 0.23 | 6 | 27.3 | 19 | 21.8 | 75 | 26.1 | 0.7 | 0.70 | ||
| Unemployed/unskilled | 39 | 84.8 | 237 | 73.1 | 20 | 76.9 | 16 | 72.7 | 68 | 78.2 | 212 | 73.9 | ||||||
| Kuppuswamy Socio-economic Scale | ||||||||||||||||||
| Upper middle/upper | 3 | 6.4 | 16 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 0.42 | 1 | 4.5 | 2 | 2.3 | 16 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 0.59 | ||
| Lower middle | 11 | 23.4 | 100 | 30.5 | 11 | 42.3 | 5 | 22.7 | 31 | 35.2 | 86 | 29.6 | ||||||
| Lower/upper lower | 33 | 70.2 | 212 | 64.6 | 15 | 57.7 | 16 | 72.7 | 55 | 62.5 | 189 | 64.9 | ||||||
| Type of Family | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nuclear | 38 | 80.9 | 222 | 67.7 | 15 | 57.7 | 4.8 | 0.09 | 15 | 68.2 | 53 | 60.2 | 207 | 71.1 | 3.7 | 0.16 | ||
| Extended/joint | 9 | 19.1 | 106 | 32.3 | 11 | 42.3 | 7 | 31.8 | 35 | 39.8 | 84 | 28.9 | ||||||
| Details of the respondent | ||||||||||||||||||
| Age in Years | ||||||||||||||||||
| <17 | 28 | 59.6 | 140 | 42.7 | 14 | 53.8 | 5.6 | 0.06 | 9 | 40.9 | 42 | 47.7 | 131 | 45 | 0.4 | 0.82 | ||
| ≥17 | 19 | 40.4 | 188 | 57.3 | 12 | 46.2 | 13 | 59.1 | 46 | 52.3 | 160 | 55 | ||||||
| Birth Order | ||||||||||||||||||
| ≤2 | 35 | 74.5 | 227 | 69.2 | 17 | 65.4 | 0.8 | 0.68 | 12 | 54.5 | 59 | 67 | 208 | 71.5 | 3.1 | 0.21 | ||
| >2 | 12 | 25.5 | 101 | 30.8 | 9 | 34.6 | 10 | 45.5 | 29 | 33 | 83 | 28.5 | ||||||
| Vaccination History | ||||||||||||||||||
| Appropriate for age | 24 | 51.1 | 154 | 47.0 | 18 | 69.2 | 4.9 | 0.09 | 17 | 77.3 | 45 | 51.1 | 134 | 46 | 8.2 | 0.02 | ||
| Partially/not immunized | 23 | 48.9 | 174 | 53.0 | 8 | 30.8 | 5 | 22.7 | 43 | 48.9 | 157 | 54 | ||||||
| Respondent Goes to School or College? | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 41 | 87.2 | 259 | 79.0 | 22 | 84.6 | 2.1 | 0.35 | 14 | 63.6 | 63 | 71.6 | 245 | 84.2 | 10.9 | 0.004 | ||
| No | 6 | 12.8 | 69 | 21.0 | 4 | 15.4 | 8 | 36.4 | 88 | 28.4 | 291 | 15.8 | ||||||
| Educational Status | ||||||||||||||||||
| >10 | 15 | 31.9 | 196 | 59.8 | 11 | 42.3 | 14.8 | 0.001 | 8 | 36.4 | 45 | 51.1 | 169 | 58.1 | 4.7 | 0.10 | ||
| ≤10 | 32 | 68.1 | 132 | 40.2 | 15 | 57.7 | 14 | 63.6 | 43 | 48.9 | 122 | 41.9 | ||||||
| Dietary assessment | ||||||||||||||||||
| Adequate calorie intake (EAR) by the 24-hour recall | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 47 | 100.0 | 326 | 99.4 | 26 | 100.0 | 0.5 | 0.78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 0.21 | ||
| No | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 22 | 100 | 88 | 100 | 283 | 97.3 | ||||||
| Adequate protein intake (EAR) by the 24-hour recall | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 28 | 59.6 | 187 | 57.0 | 12 | 46.2 | 1.5 | 0.48 | 3 | 13.6 | 25 | 28.4 | 85 | 29.2 | 2.5 | 0.29 | ||
| No | 19 | 40.4 | 141 | 43.0 | 14 | 53.8 | 19 | 19 | 86.4 | 63 | 71.6 | 206 | 70.8 | |||||
| Food frequency patterns | ||||||||||||||||||
| Vegetables daily | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 32 | 68.1 | 260 | 79.3 | 17 | 65.4 | 5.1 | 0.08 | 16 | 72.7 | 62 | 70.5 | 231 | 79.4 | 3.3 | 0.19 | ||
| No | 15 | 31.9 | 68 | 20.7 | 9 | 34.6 | 6 | 27.3 | 26 | 29.5 | 60 | 20.6 | ||||||
| Pulses daily | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14 | 29.8 | 91 | 27.7 | 5 | 19.2 | 1.0 | 0.60 | 7 | 31.8 | 19 | 21.6 | 84 | 28.9 | 2.0 | 0.36 | ||
| No | 33 | 70.2 | 237 | 72.3 | 21 | 80.8 | 15 | 68.2 | 69 | 78.4 | 207 | 71.1 | ||||||
| Consumes non-vegetarian | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 27 | 57.4 | 247 | 75.3 | 19 | 73.1 | 6.7 | 0.04 | 17 | 77.3 | 62 | 70.5 | 214 | 73.5 | 0.5 | 0.77 | ||
| No | 20 | 42.6 | 81 | 24.7 | 7 | 26.9 | 5 | 22.7 | 26 | 29.5 | 77 | 26.5 | ||||||
| Milk products daily^ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 11 | 23.9 | 61 | 19.9 | 2 | 8.7 | 2.3 | 0.32 | 3 | 15.0 | 13 | 15.5 | 58 | 21.3 | 1.7 | 0.43 | ||
| No | 35 | 76.1 | 246 | 80.1 | 21 | 91.3 | 17 | 85.0 | 71 | 84.5 | 214 | 78.7 | ||||||
| Fruits daily` | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 14 | 29.8 | 80 | 24.6 | 8 | 30.8 | 1.0 | 0.62 | 7 | 31.8 | 19 | 21.8 | 76 | 26.3 | 1.2 | 0.56 | ||
| No | 33 | 70.2 | 245 | 75.4 | 18 | 69.2 | 15 | 68.2 | 68 | 78.2 | 213 | 73.7 | ||||||
| Beverages daily” | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 15 | 34.9 | 129 | 42.9 | 7 | 31.8 | 1.9 | 0.40 | 7 | 31.8 | 38 | 46.3 | 106 | 40.5 | 1.8 | 0.42 | ||
| Yes | 28 | 65.1 | 172 | 57.1 | 15 | 68.2 | 15 | 68.2 | 44 | 53.7 | 156 | 59.5 | ||||||
| Snacks daily | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 17 | 36.2 | 105 | 32.0 | 8 | 30.8 | 0.4 | 0.84 | 12 | 54.5 | 27 | 30.7 | 91 | 31.3 | 5.2 | 0.07 | ||
| Yes | 30 | 63.8 | 223 | 68.0 | 18 | 69.2 | 10 | 45.5 | 61 | 69.3 | 200 | 68.7 | ||||||
*n=376 #n=396 ^n=376 `n=398 ”n=366