Table 5.

Effect sizes across different parental roles.

Independent variable	Dependent variable	Parental role	β	t	95%CI
Smartphone dependence	Parent–child conflict	Father’s role	0.60	7.09***	[0.44, 0.77]
		Mother’s role	0.31	5.99***	[0.21, 0.41]
Parent–child conflict	Internet addiction	Father’s role	0.54	5.20***	[0.34, 0.75]
		Mother’s role	0.22	5.31***	[0.21, 0.41]

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.