TABLE 2.
Signal strength for drugs associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
| WHO ATC category | Drug name | Case reports | ROR (95% CI) | PRR (95% CI) | IC(IC025) | EBGM(EBGM05) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antipsychotics | Amisulpride | 13 | 216.12 (121.38, 384.8) | 192.22 (115.47, 319.97) | 7.58 (6.79) | 191.98 (118.47) |
| Fluphenazine | 35 | 145.77 (103.19, 205.93) | 134.53 (98.32, 184.08) | 7.07 (6.58) | 134.09 (100.42) | |
| Loxapine | 6 | 124.9 (54.53, 286.09) | 116.55 (54.27, 250.32) | 6.86 (5.75) | 116.48 (58.22) | |
| Chlorpromazine | 45 | 122.13 (90.21, 165.34) | 114.16 (86.76, 150.2) | 6.83 (6.4) | 113.67 (88.22) | |
| Haloperidol | 630 | 102.26 (94.15, 111.07) | 96.92 (89.61, 104.82) | 6.51 (6.39) | 91.13 (85.04) | |
| Olanzapine | 1,305 | 55.64 (52.46, 59) | 54.13 (51.04, 57.41) | 5.57 (5.49) | 47.49 (45.21) | |
| Ziprasidone | 219 | 40.94 (35.75, 46.87) | 40.03 (34.9, 45.92) | 5.29 (5.1) | 39.21 (35.01) | |
| Lithium Carbonate | 153 | 39.66 (33.74, 46.6) | 38.8 (33.17, 45.39) | 5.26 (5.03) | 38.25 (33.41) | |
| Perphenazine | 5 | 38.39 (15.82, 93.15) | 37.58 (15.86, 89.02) | 5.23 (4.06) | 37.56 (17.89) | |
| Quetiapine | 1,328 | 34.82 (32.85, 36.9) | 34.23 (32.28, 36.3) | 4.91 (4.82) | 30 (28.58) | |
| Prochlorperazine | 10 | 32.8 (17.54, 61.33) | 32.21 (17.54, 59.14) | 5.01 (4.15) | 32.18 (19.06) | |
| Aripiprazole | 888 | 25.01 (23.34, 26.8) | 24.69 (23.28, 26.19) | 4.5 (4.4) | 22.68 (21.4) | |
| Risperidone | 925 | 24.17 (22.58, 25.86) | 23.87 (22.51, 25.32) | 4.45 (4.35) | 21.84 (20.64) | |
| Paliperidone | 283 | 14.46 (12.84, 16.28) | 14.35 (12.76, 16.14) | 3.81 (3.64) | 13.99 (12.67) | |
| Lumateperone | 22 | 13.05 (8.58, 19.86) | 12.96 (8.59, 19.56) | 3.69 (3.1) | 12.94 (9.11) | |
| Clozapine | 607 | 11.53 (10.62, 12.51) | 11.46 (10.6, 12.39) | 3.44 (3.32) | 10.85 (10.13) | |
| Cariprazine | 31 | 11.49 (8.06, 16.36) | 11.42 (8.03, 16.25) | 3.51 (3.01) | 11.39 (8.47) | |
| Asenapine | 39 | 10.01 (7.31, 13.73) | 9.96 (7.28, 13.63) | 3.31 (2.86) | 9.93 (7.63) | |
| Antidepressants | Maprotiline | 11 | 120.35 (65.29, 221.82) | 112.58 (63.77, 198.75) | 6.81 (5.97) | 112.46 (67.42) |
| Imipramine | 22 | 45.21 (29.6, 69.07) | 44.09 (29.21, 66.54) | 5.46 (4.86) | 43.99 (30.86) | |
| Clomipramine | 28 | 40.84 (28.06, 59.44) | 39.92 (27.51, 57.93) | 5.32 (4.78) | 39.82 (29.09) | |
| Fluvoxamine | 25 | 34.18 (23, 50.8) | 33.54 (22.66, 49.64) | 5.06 (4.5) | 33.46 (24.02) | |
| Mirtazapine | 171 | 16.67 (14.32, 19.4) | 16.52 (14.12, 19.32) | 4.02 (3.81) | 16.27 (14.33) | |
| Trazodone | 30 | 9.85 (6.87, 14.1) | 9.8 (6.89, 13.95) | 3.29 (2.78) | 9.77 (7.23) | |
| Paroxetine | 174 | 7.88 (6.78, 9.16) | 7.85 (6.71, 9.18) | 2.95 (2.74) | 7.74 (6.82) | |
| Antiparkinson drugs | Biperiden | 43 | 348.41 (250.95, 483.71) | 290.28 (220.62, 381.93) | 8.18 (7.71) | 289.09 (219.68) |
| Trihexyphenidyl | 13 | 149.84 (84.99, 264.17) | 137.97 (81.27, 234.21) | 7.11 (6.32) | 137.8 (85.75) | |
| Bromocriptine | 32 | 53.19 (37.4, 75.65) | 51.64 (37.01, 72.06) | 5.69 (5.19) | 51.48 (38.34) | |
| Entacapone | 44 | 45.63 (33.81, 61.59) | 44.49 (33.16, 59.7) | 5.47 (5.04) | 44.3 (34.47) | |
| Amantadine | 41 | 24.98 (18.34, 34.02) | 24.64 (18.01, 33.72) | 4.62 (4.18) | 24.55 (18.96) | |
| Benztropine | 6 | 23.35 (10.43, 52.26) | 23.05 (10.32, 51.48) | 4.53 (3.45) | 23.04 (11.74) | |
| Pergolide | 4 | 22.08 (8.23, 59.2) | 21.81 (8.19, 58.11) | 4.45 (3.17) | 21.8 (9.55) | |
| Pramipexole | 78 | 15.81 (12.64, 19.77) | 15.67 (12.63, 19.44) | 3.96 (3.64) | 15.56 (12.91) | |
| Cabergoline | 20 | 11.57 (7.45, 17.97) | 11.5 (7.47, 17.7) | 3.52 (2.9) | 11.48 (7.94) | |
| Stalevo 100 (levodopa/carbidopa/entacapon) | 6 | 8.73 (3.91, 19.48) | 8.69 (3.89, 19.41) | 3.12 (2.05) | 8.69 (4.44) | |
| Antiepileptics | Valproic Acid | 265 | 14.06 (12.44, 15.9) | 13.96 (12.41, 15.7) | 3.77 (3.59) | 13.63 (12.3) |
| Zonisamide | 25 | 13.22 (8.91, 19.6) | 13.13 (8.87, 19.43) | 3.71 (3.15) | 13.1 (9.42) | |
| Clonazepam | 98 | 8.89 (7.29, 10.86) | 8.85 (7.27, 10.77) | 3.13 (2.85) | 8.78 (7.43) | |
| Anxiolytics | Lorazepam | 124 | 14.75 (12.34, 17.61) | 14.63 (12.26, 17.45) | 3.85 (3.6) | 14.47 (12.47) |
| Buspirone | 13 | 12.39 (7.18, 21.39) | 12.31 (7.11, 21.31) | 3.62 (2.86) | 12.29 (7.79) | |
| Diazepam | 90 | 9.2 (7.47, 11.33) | 9.16 (7.38, 11.36) | 3.18 (2.89) | 9.09 (7.64) | |
| Hyponotics and Sedatives | Dexmedetomidine | 15 | 12.11 (7.29, 20.14) | 12.04 (7.23, 20.04) | 3.59 (2.88) | 12.02 (7.86) |
| Lemborexant | 4 | 10.95 (4.1, 29.27) | 10.89 (4.09, 29.02) | 3.44 (2.17) | 10.88 (4.78) | |
| Triazolam | 7 | 7.83 (3.72, 16.45) | 7.8 (3.7, 16.43) | 2.96 (1.96) | 7.79 (4.19) | |
| Antivirals for systemic use | Favipiravir | 4 | 1727.47 (431.97, 6908.26) | 864.23 (435.21, 1716.15) | 9.75 (8.18) | 863.9 (270.88) |
| Anti-dementia drugs | Donepezil | 102 | 20.37 (16.74, 24.78) | 20.15 (16.56, 24.51) | 4.32 (4.04) | 19.96 (16.94) |
| Antihistamines for systemic use | Promethazine | 24 | 11.76 (7.87, 17.57) | 11.69 (7.9, 17.3) | 3.54 (2.98) | 11.66 (8.33) |
| Muscle relaxants | Dantrolene | 5 | 31.3 (12.92, 75.81) | 30.76 (12.99, 72.87) | 4.94 (3.78) | 30.74 (14.67) |
| Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders | Dicyclomine | 4 | 12.25 (4.58, 32.76) | 12.17 (4.57, 32.43) | 3.6 (2.33) | 12.17 (5.34) |
| Propulsives | Metoclopramide | 118 | 9.5 (7.92, 11.4) | 9.45 (7.92, 11.27) | 3.23 (2.96) | 9.36 (8.04) |
Abbreviations: ROR, reporting odds ratio; PRR, proportional reporting ratio; IC, information component; EBGM, empirical Bayes geometric mean; CI, confidence interval.