Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| All (n = 196) |
Mild CHD (n = 52) |
Moderate CHD (n = 81) |
Severe CHD (n = 63) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)/median [IQR] | P-value | ||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Female participants | 106 (54%) | 39 (75.0%) | 38 (46.9%) | 29 (46.0%) | 0.002 |
| Age at study (years) | 43 [37–53] | 42 [36–56] | 43 [38–53] | 43 [38–49] | 0.4 |
| Surgical characteristics | |||||
| Age at last cardiac surgery (years) | 30 [24–40] | 28 [20–42] | 32 [25–40] | 28 [23–35] | 0.2 |
| Time between study and last cardiac surgery (years) | 13.4 [10.6–15.5] | 13.3 [10.8–15.3] | 12.6 [9.4–15.5] | 14.0 [11.6–15.4] | 0.2 |
| Previous cardiac operation | 108 (55%) | 3 (5.8%) | 43 (53.1%) | 62 (98.4%) | <0.001 |
| Number of previous cardiac operations | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 48 (24%) | 3 (5.8%) | 22 (27.2%) | 23 (36.5%) | |
| 2 | 34 (17%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (14.8%) | 22 (34.9%) | |
| 3 | 17 (9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (9.9%) | 9 (14.3%) | |
| 4 | 5 (3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 4 (6.3%) | |
| 5 | 3 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (4.8%) | |
| 6 | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.6%) | |
| Age at first cardiac surgery (years) | 19.2 [2.4–30.8] | 25.6 [19.9–41.6] | 23.5 [7.4–33.7] | 1.7 [0.2–4.9] | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Pacemaker and ICD | 32 (16%) | 1 (1.9%) | 9 (11.1%) | 22 (34.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 31 (16%) | 7 (13.5%) | 17 (21.0%) | 7 (11.1%) | 0.2 |
| Dyslipidemia | 27 (14%) | 6 (11.5%) | 11 (13.6%) | 10 (15.9%) | 0.9 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4 (2%) | 2 (3.8%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0.5 |
| Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 23 (12%) | 8 (15.4%) | 8 (9.9%) | 9 (14.3%) | 0.3 |
| Oncological disease | 10 (5%) | 4 (7.7%) | 3 (3.7%) | 3 (4.8%) | 0.5 |
| Thyroid disease substitution | 25 (13%) | 5 (9.6%) | 11 (13.6%) | 9 (14.3%) | 0.8 |
| Obstructive pulmonary disease | 8 (4.1%) | 1 (1.9%) | 5 (6.2%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.4 |
| Neurological disease | 25 (12.8%) | 5 (9.6%) | 7 (8.6%) | 13 (20.6%) | 0.11 |
| Scoliosis | 12 (6.1%) | 1 (1.9%) | 4 (4.9%) | 7 (11.1%) | 0.14 |
| Intellectual disability | 8 (4.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.9%) | 4 (6.3%) | 0.2 |
| Medication | |||||
| Beta-blockers | 76 (39%) | 8 (15.4%) | 32 (39.5%) | 36 (57.1%) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulants | 65 (33%) | 5 (9.6%) | 36 (44.4%) | 24 (38.1%) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 30 (15%) | 6 (11.5%) | 9 (11.1%) | 15 (23.8%) | 0.12 |
| Antipsychotics | 9 (5%) | 2 (3.8%) | 3 (3.7%) | 4 (6.3%) | 0.8 |
| Anti-epileptics | 3 (2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.4 |
CHD, congenital heart disease; IQR, interquartile range; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator.
Values in bold indicate statistical significance.