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. 2024 Dec 24;10:155. doi: 10.1038/s41522-024-00624-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Modified temporary implant abutments with a flat examination surface were manufactured for each patient. Bar: 4 mm. b Abutments were inserted at two sites. Biofilm structures were analyzed using confocal microscopy (at five distinct areas), and the composition of the biofilm was characterized through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. c Demographic and clinical data of the participating patients. d Dynamics of clinical parameters: Modified Plaque Index (mPI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Bleeding On Probing (BOP), modified Gingival Index (mGI) and Mucositis severity (mGi-BOP). Data refers specifically to implant abutment sites.