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. 2024 Dec 24;10:155. doi: 10.1038/s41522-024-00624-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed for biofilms stained with a life/dead stain. a Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (nm-MDS) of 180 biofilm structure profiles captured from twelve patients, three time points, and five biofilm areas. Seven parameters –biofilm volume, red (dead) cell volume, green (live) cell volume, percent of live cell volume, number and size of microcolonies, and surface area covered by biofilm – were standardized by maximum and fourth root transformation prior to pairwise calculations of Euclidean distances. Symbols of different shape and color indicate different patients. Eight examples of confocal images are presented. Bar indicates 40 µm. b Symbols indicate age of the biofilms. c Enlarged nm-MDS of biofilm structure profiles of two selected patients. 2D-stress was 0.06. d Symbols indicate implant location. e Symbols indicate the Periodontal Screening Index (PSI). f Superimposed is a vector plot for biofilm (in grey) and clinical (in red) parameters, with the vector direction for each class reflecting the Pearson correlations of their values with the ordination axes, and length giving the multiple correlation coefficient from this linear regression on the ordinate points.