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. 2024 Dec 24;10:203. doi: 10.1038/s41378-024-00855-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Schematic illustration of the experimental setup for characterizing the light intensity regulation of 3D holography, which comprised a laser source, aperture, linear polarizers (LP), quarter-wave plate (QWP), PDLC-metasurface, objective lens, and camera (CCD). b PDLC device exhibits continuous transmittance modulation in response to voltage (10 V ~ 30 V), enabling dynamic light intensity adjustment of 3D holography c CCD captured image of 3D holography (the scale bar represents 2 cm) with different light intensity in a real time d and its corresponding simulated values