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. 2024 Dec 24;14:30636. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82515-3

Table 2.

Correspondences between Proto-Takanan, Proto-Pano, and Shipibo.

Proto-Takana Proto-Pano Shipibo-Konibo Comment
a a a
⌃a a | hi a | hi /hi/ only occurs in word-initial position
u o o
o o o
i i | ɨ i | ɨ
e ɨ ɨ
+ - - Morpheme separator
b β β
d r n
ɽ r n Based on Girard16
r n n word-finally sometimes dropped in Shipibo-Konibo
w ɽ ɽ
kw kw | w k | w
k k k
p p p
m m m
n n n
ʈ ʂ ʂ ʂ
t t | ts t | ts | tʃ
ʃ s s
z ʃ ʃ Based on Girard, who gives only one example
s s s Based on Girard, who gives no examples
j s s Girard adds reflects /ʂ, ts/ without examples
ʔ ʔ ʔ

Segments in brackets separated by pipes display one-to-many correspondences, with the most frequent reflex presented first.