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. 2024 Dec 11;11:1433632. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1433632

Table 2.

The risk of overall and cancer-specific mortality among bladder cancer patients and stratified by gender, age group, and clinical stage.

Overall mortality Cancer-specific mortality
Patients Death (%) Crude HR p-value AHR p-value Death (%) Crude HR p-value AHR p-value
BMI
BMI < 18.5 571 330 (57.79) 2.04 (1.81–2.29) <0.0001 1.58 (1.41–1.78) <0.0001 206 (36.08) 2.02 (1.75–2.35) <0.0001 1.50 (1.29–1.74) <0.0001
18.5≦BMI < 25 5,749 2,131 (37.07) Ref. Ref. 1,321 (22.98) Ref. Ref.
BMI≧25 4,032 1,108 (27.48) 0.69 (0.64–0.74) <0.0001 0.76 (0.71–0.82) <0.0001 729 (18.08) 0.73 (0.67–0.80) <0.0001 0.82 (0.75–0.90) <0.0001
Gender
Male 7,440 2,465 (33.13) 0.86 (0.80–0.92) <0.0001 0.94 (0.87–1.02) 0.1407 1,540 (20.7) 0.82 (0.75–0.90) <0.0001 0.91 (0.83–1.00) 0.0612
Female 2,952 1,101 (37.3) Ref. Ref. 716 (24.25) Ref. Ref.
Clinical stage
I 5,267 1,089 (20.68) Ref. Ref. 450 (8.54) Ref. Ref.
II 2,617 970 (37.07) 2.14 (1.96–2.33) <0.0001 2.13 (1.95–2.33) <0.0001 655 (25.03) 3.45 (3.06–3.89) <0.0001 3.35 (2.96–3.79) <0.0001
III 1,302 621 (47.7) 3.53 (3.20–3.89) <0.0001 3.62 (3.26–4.03) <0.0001 457 (35.1) 6.12 (5.37–6.97) <0.0001 6.02 (5.24–6.91) <0.0001
IV 1,166 889 (76.24) 8.03 (7.34–8.79) <0.0001 8.14 (7.33–9.04) <0.0001 694 (59.52) 14.46 (12.82–16.31) <0.0001 13.88 (12.11–15.91) <0.0001
Age group
20–45 280 50 (17.86) Ref. Ref. 44 (15.71) Ref. Ref.
45–60 1941 388 (19.99) 1.15 (0.85–1.54) 0.3640 1.09 (0.81–1.46) 0.5773 283 (14.58) 0.94 (0.69–1.30) 0.7208 0.89 (0.64–1.22) 0.4517
≧60 8,131 3,131 (38.51) 2.79 (2.11–3.68) <0.0001 2.22 (1.67–2.94) <0.0001 1929 (23.72) 1.89 (1.40–2.54) <0.0001 1.53 (1.13–2.07) 0.0058
Smoking
Never 7,016 2,456 (35.01) Ref. Ref. 1,574 (22.43) Ref. Ref.
Ever/current 3,336 1,113 (33.36) 0.91 (0.84–0.97) 0.0056 1.12 (1.03–1.22) 0.0100 682 (20.44) 0.87 (0.79–0.95) 0.0021 1.04 (0.93–1.16) 0.4643
Drinking
Never 8,483 2,984 (35.18) Ref. Ref. 1886 (22.23) Ref. Ref.
Ever/current 1869 585 (31.3) 0.82 (0.75–0.89) <0.0001 0.90 (0.81–1.00) 0.0510 370 (19.8) 0.82 (0.74–0.92) 0.0006 0.93 (0.81–1.06) 0.2613
Betel nut chewing
Never 9,670 3,350 (34.64) Ref. Ref. 2,119 (21.91) Ref. Ref.
Ever/current 682 219 (32.11) 0.90 (0.79–1.03) 0.1355 1.06 (0.91–1.23) 0.4547 137 (20.09) 0.89 (0.75–1.06) 0.1880 1.04 (0.86–1.26) 0.6969
CCI group
0 2,920 774 (26.51) Ref. Ref. 557 (19.08) Ref. Ref.
1–2 3,751 1,151 (30.69) 1.19 (1.09–1.30) 0.0002 1.29 (1.17–1.41) <0.0001 734 (19.57) 1.05 (0.94–1.17) 0.3861 1.20 (1.07–1.35) 0.0014
≧3 3,681 1,644 (44.66) 2.09 (1.92–2.28) <0.0001 2.09 (1.90–2.30) <0.0001 965 (26.22) 1.67 (1.51–1.86) <0.0001 1.80 (1.60–2.03) <0.0001
Treatment
Operation 9,887 3,216 (32.53) 0.24 (0.22–0.27) <0.0001 0.54 (0.48–0.60) <0.0001 2008 (20.31) 0.22 (0.19–0.25) <0.0001 0.56 (0.49–0.65) <0.0001
Radiotherapy 1,404 750 (53.42) 2.10 (1.94–2.28) <0.0001 1.08 (0.99–1.18) 0.0768 579 (41.24) 2.66 (2.42–2.92) <0.0001 1.19 (1.08–1.32) 0.0007
Chemotherapy 2,148 978 (45.53) 1.66 (1.54–1.79) <0.0001 0.79 (0.73–0.86) <0.0001 755 (35.15) 2.18 (2.00–2.38) <0.0001 0.84 (0.76–0.93) 0.0006
Comorbidity
Diabetes 2,600 1,009 (38.81) 1.29 (1.20–1.38) <0.0001 1.00 (0.92–1.08) 0.9527 594 (22.85) 1.15 (1.05–1.27) 0.0028 0.97 (0.87–1.08) 0.5169
Hyperlipidemia 2,260 664 (29.38) 0.82 (0.75–0.89) <0.0001 0.75 (0.68–0.82) <0.0001 421 (18.63) 0.82 (0.74–0.91) 0.0002 0.80 (0.71–0.89) <0.0001
Hypertension 5,229 1965 (37.58) 1.30 (1.21–1.39) <0.0001 1.11 (1.03–1.19) 0.0044 1,183 (22.62) 1.15 (1.06–1.25) 0.0007 1.04 (0.95–1.13) 0.4403