Table 3.

Summary of MIF in MDD.

Authors	Study design	Results
Edwards et al. 2010 [40]	Participants: mean age (years) = 19.8, gender(m/f) = 62/64 then divided into two groups High-depressive patients: n = 28, BDI-II ≥ 14 Low-depressive patients: n = 84, BDI-II < 14	Elevated plasma MIF in high depressive patients than the low depressive patients.
Xu et al. 2018 [42]	Stroke patients: mean age (years) = 64, gender (m/f) = 181/152 Stroke with major depression: n = 95	Elevated plasma MIF in stroke patients with major depression than those in depression-free stroke patients.
Swoboda et al. 2022 [43]	MDD with drug treatment: mean age (years) = 46, gender (m/f) = 34/32 MDD without drug: mean age (years) = 47, gender (m/f) = 27/37 Remitted patients: mean age (years) = 49, gender (m/f) = 11/28 Healthy Control: mean age (years) = 42, gender (m/f) = 30/31	No significant group differences in MIF. No support for MIF as a biomarker for the diagnosis or monitoring of MDD.
Musil et al. 2011 [41]	Depressive patients were divided into celecoxib group: mean age (years) = 44.8, gender (m/f) = 11/7 and placebo group: mean age (years) = 44.3, gender (m/f) = 5/9 Control: mean age (years) = 40.0, gender(m/f)=15/5	Increased MIF levels but reduced TGF-β in depressive patients. Increased MIF levels in the celecoxib group compared placebo group, but have no statistically significant differences.
Conboy et al. 2011 [45]	MIF KO mice treatment by chronic stress, stress hormones administration, and fluoxetine	MIF knockout reduced neurogenesis, increased anxiety, depression, and impaired memory. ISO-1 reduced neurogenesis.
Gellén et al. 2017 [48]	Clomipramine-induced depression in female rat pups	Dramatic changes in MIF expression in brain, particularly in astrocytes.