Table 4.

The role of MIF in schizophrenia.

Authors	Study design	Results
Schwarz et al. 2014 [49]	Schizophrenia patients: mean age (years) = 30, gender (m/f) = 118/62 Matched control: mean age (years) = 33, gender (m/f) = 232/166	MIF level in serum was significantly elevated in schizophrenia patients.
Chan et al. 2015 [51]	Schizophrenia patients: 127 first-onset drug-naive Control: n = 204	MIF serum level was increased in schizophrenia patients.
Okazaki et al. 2018 [50]	ELISA [86 patients: mean age (years) = 54.3, gender (m/f) = 46/40 vs. 51 controls: mean age (years) = 48.4, gender (m/f) = 23/28] Western blotting [18 patients: mean age (years) = 60.1, gender (m/f) = 9/9 vs. 22 controls: mean age (years) = 56.0, gender (m/f) = 17/5] TaqMan SNP genotyping assay [1483 patients: mean age (years) = 46.4, gender (m/f) = 796/687 vs. 1454 controls: mean age (years) = 46.6, gender (m/f) = 709/745]	Serum MIF levels were higher in schizophrenia patients and positively correlated with antipsychotic doses. MIF levels had no change in the postmortem brain of schizophrenia patients. MIF promoter polymorphisms were involved in schizophrenia.
Zhong et al. 2021 [54]	First-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients: mean age (years) = 24.56, gender (m/f) = 54/34 Control: mean age (years) = 23.92, gender (m/f) = 49/39	FES patients with metabolic syndrome showed higher serum levels of MIF, Hcy, and hs-CRP than healthy controls.
Cui et al. 2018 [52]	Drug-naïve and first-episode schizophrenia patients: mean age(years) = 27.95, gender (m/f) = 30/30 8-week-old WT and MIF−/− female mice	Olanzapine increased MIF expression, BMI, circulating insulin and triglyceride. MIF deficiency protected mice from olanzapine-induced insulin resistance.
Okazaki et al. 2021 [53]	Primary astrocytes	Clozapine increased MIF mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner as well as acetylation of H3K27 in MIF promoter.