Table 5.

Future research directions for H. pylori OMVs and infected cell exosomes.

Research Direction	Focus Area
Mechanisms of chronic infection	Investigate how H. pylori OMVs contribute to the mechanisms underlying chronic infection.
Cross-talk with gastric microbiota	Explore potential interactions between exosomes from H. pylori-infected cells and the gastric microbiota to understand disease progression and therapeutic outcomes better.
Multi-omics approaches	Utilize proteomics and metabolomics to analyze interactions between H. pylori OMVs and infected cell exosomes for a more comprehensive understanding of host-bacteria communication.
Exosome-centered therapies and diagnostics	Develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches based on the properties of exosomes derived from H. pylori-infected cells.