Table 2.
Mendelian randomization studies of various exposures with DN as the outcome.
| Exposures | Year | Authors | Population of exposure | Population of outcome | SNPs, n | Effect | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verrucomicrobia | 2023 | Yan W et al. (11) | 18,340 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3283 cases, European | 12 | OR = 1.390(1.10–1.75); | P= 0.005 |
| Akkermansia | 2023 | Yan W et al. (11) | 18,340 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3283 cases, European | 12 | OR=1.390(1.10–1.75) | P= 0.005 |
| Peptreptococcaceae | 2023 | Yan W et al. (11) | 18,340 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3283 cases, European | 14 | OR=1.284(1.03–1.59) | P= 0.012 |
| Butyricimonas | 2023 | Yan W et al. (11) | 18,340 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3283 cases, European | 16 | OR = 1.261( 1.02–1.55) | P= 0.031 |
| Catenibacterium | 2023 | Yan W et al. (11) | 18,340 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3283 cases, European | 4 | OR=1.278(1.02-1.59) | p=0.030 |
| Marvinbryantia | 2023 | Yan W et al. (11) | 18,340 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3283 cases, European | 10 | OR = 1.369(1.04–1.79) | P= 0.022 |
| Class Verrucomicrobiae | 2024 | Yan S. et al. (14) | 18,340 adult individuals, European | T2DN, 283224 controls and 2394 cases, European | 9 | OR=1.822 (1.241-2.676) | P=0.013 |
| Eubacterium protogenes | 2024 | Yan S. et al. (14) | 18,340 adult individuals, European | T1DN, 283224 controls and 1441 cases, European | 13 | OR=0.407(0.241-0.688) | P=0.002 |
| 25(OH) vitamin D | 2023 | He M. et al. (17) | 79,366 adult individuals, European | T1DN (early), 67452 controls and 3399 cases, European | 3 | OR=0.587(0.03 -11.458) | P=0.726 |
| 25(OH) vitamin D | 2023 | He M. et al. (17) | 79,366 adult individuals, European | T1DN (later), 67452 controls and 4352 cases, European | 3 | OR=1.517(0.114-20.208) | P=0.752 |
| 25(OH) vitamin D | 2023 | He M. et al. (17) | 79,366 adult individuals, European | T2DN (early),2238 controls and 1989 cases, European | 3 | OR=0.039(0.114-20.208) | P=0.109 |
| 25(OH) vitamin D | 2023 | He M. et al. (17) | 79,366 adult individuals, European | T2DN (later), 2372 controls and 1339 cases, European | 3 | OR=1.870(0.389-8.990) | P=0.435 |
| Serum uric acid | 2017 | Ahola AJ. et al. (7) | >140,000 adult individuals ,European | T1DN (eGFR), 2720 cases, European | 23 | OR=2.24 (-17.29-21.77) | P= 0.631 |
| Serum uric acid | 2022 | Feng B. et al. (20) | 336619 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3282 cases, European | 188 | OR=1.06(0.91-1.24) | P=0.428 |
| Serum Albumin | 2023 | Cai YW. et al. (25) | 115,060 adult individuals, European | T2DM, 439,238 controls and 22,340 cases, European | 19 | OR=0.990 (0.984-0.995) | P=2.33×10-4 |
| IFN-γ | 2024 | An L. et al. (28) | 8293 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3282 cases, European | 13 | OR=1.33(1.09-1.63) | P=0.005 |
| SCF | 2024 | An L. et al. (28) | 8293 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3282 cases, European | 9 | OR=1.25(1.02-1.52) | P=0.027 |
| MIP-1β | 2024 | An L. et al. (28) | 8293 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3282 cases, European | 17 | OR=0.92(0.85-0.98) | P=0.022 |
| IL-16 | 2024 | An L. et al. (28) | 8293 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3282 cases, European | 10 | OR=0.89(0.81-0.99) | P=0.043 |
| hs-CRP | 2023 | Lin CC. et al. (29) | 2332 adult individuals, Chinese | DN, 2332 controls and 256 cases,chinese | 4 | OR=1.67(1.40-1.98) | NOT REPORT |
| Leukocyte telomere length | 2021 | Gurung RL. et al. (4) | 25,273 East Asians and 37,505 European | T2DN, 2005 controls and 498 cases,East Asians | 16 | OR=1.51(1.12-2.12) | P=0.007 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 2023 | Duan J. et al. (52) | 95752 adult individuals, European | DN, 210463 controls and 3283 cases, European | 4 | OR=2.89(1.76-4.75) | P<0.001 |
| TSH | 2023 | Li H. et al. (56) | 39282 adult individuals, European | DKD, 3,676 cases and 283,456 controls, European | 39 | OR=1.44(1.04-2.41) | P=0.033 |
| FT4 | 2023 | Li H. et al. (56) | 72,167 adult individuals, European | DKD, 3,676 cases and 283,456 controls, European | 16 | OR=0.830.67-1.03) | P = 0.093 |
| TPOAb | 2023 | Li H. et al. (56) | >40000 adult individuals, European | DKD, 3,676 cases and 283,456 controls, European | 4 | OR=1.17 (0.57-2.38) | P = 0.672 |
| Obesity | 2015 | Todd JN. et al. (6) | 249796 adult individuals, European | T1DN macroalbuminuria, 2347 cases and 6049 controls, European | NOT REPORT | OR 1.28(1.11-1.45) | P = 0.001 |
| Obesity | 2015 | Todd JN. et al. (6) | 249796 adult individuals, European | T1DN ESDR,2347 cases and 6049 controls, European | NOT REPORT | OR 1.43(1.20-1.72) | P < 0.001 |
| Obesity | 2015 | Todd JN. et al. (6) | 249796 adult individuals, European | T1DKD ,2347 cases and 6049 controls, European | NOT REPORT | OR 1.33(1.17-1.51) | P < 0.001 |
| Body Mass Index | 2023 | Huang Y. et al. (59) | 461460 adult individuals, European | DN, 3283 cases and 210463 controls, European | 376 | OR=1.74(1.47-2.07) | P=0.000000000217 |
| Waist circumference | 2023 | Huang Y. et al. (59) | 462166 adult individuals, European | DN, 3283 cases and 210463 controls, European | 315 | OR=2.03(1.62-2.55) | P=0.0000000011 |
| Body Mass Index | 2022 | Wang M. et al. (60) | 681275 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 181,704 controls, European | 441 | OR=1.99 (1.47–2.69) | p = 7.89 × 10−6 |
| Waist circumference | 2022 | Wang M. et al. (60) | 232101 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 181,704 controls, European | 214 | OR=2.48 (1.40–4.42) | p = 1.93 × 10−3 |
| Trunk fat mass | 2022 | Wang M. et al. (60) | 454588 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 181,704 controls, European | 34 | OR=1.80 (1.28–2.53) | p = 6.84 × 10−4 |
| Body Mass Index | 2022 | Lu J. et al. (61) | 158284 adult individuals,Japanese | DN,1314 cases and 2658 controls,chinese | 56 | OR=3.76(1.88-7.53) | P < 0.001 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 2023 | Lian X. et al. (65) | 86640 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 181,704 controls,European | 129 | OR=1.01(1.00-1.02) | P=0.5 |
| Appendicular lean mass | 2023 | Ren L. et al. (66) | 244730 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 181,704 controls,European | 424 | OR= 0.863(0.767-0.971) | P = 0.014 |
| Grip strength left | 2023 | Ren L. et al. (66) | 461026 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 181,704 controls,European | 147 | OR=1.119(0.688-1.820) | P=0.650 |
| Grip strength right | 2023 | Ren L. et al. (66) | 461089 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 181,704 controls,European | 164 | OR=0.847(0.552-1.300) | P= 0.447 |
| Walking speed | 2023 | Ren L. et al. (66) | 459915 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 181,705 controls,European | 56 | OR=0.495(0.206-1.189) | P=0.116 |
| Periodontitis | 2024 | Yan P. et al. (67) | 461031 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 210463 controls,European | 6 | OR=1.02(0.91–1.14) | P=0.77 |
| coffee intake | 2021 | Mazidi M. et al. (74) | 91462 adult individuals, European | DM eGFR,n = 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals | 5 | beta=-0.00645 | P=0.478 |
| coffee consumption | 2023 | Fang J. et al. (75) | 428860 adult individuals, European | DN, 3,283 ncase 210463 controls,European | 33 | OR:1.939 (1.012-3.712) | P =0.045 |
| coffee consumption | 2023 | Fang J. et al. (75) | 428860 adult individuals, European | T2DM with renal complications, 1,296 cases and 183,185 European-descent controls | 35 | OR=2.787 (0.926-8.394) | P = 0.047 |
| coffee consumption | 2023 | Fang J. et al. (75) | 428860 adult individuals, European | T1DM diabetes with renal complications, 963 cases and 183,185 controls | 36 | OR = 2.667 (0.796-8.929) | P = 0.112 |
| coffee consumption | 2023 | Fang J. et al. (75) | 428860 adult individuals, European | Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in diabetes, 5,825 cases and 46061 controls of European individuals | 30 | OR=0.884 (0.395-1.802) | P=0.661 |
| Sleep duration | 2021 | Mazidi M. et al. (81) | 446118 adult individuals, European | eGFR in the total population, n = 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals | 78 | beta=-0.019 | p = 0.047 |
| CTSC | 2024 | Zhou D. et al. (42) | 31684 adult individuals, European | Diabetic nephropathy 1,032 case 451,248 control | 12 | OR=0.861 | P=0.041 |
| PDE5A | 2024 | Zhou D. et al. (42) | 19173 adult individuals, European | Diabetic nephropathy 1,032 case 451,248 control | 9 | OR=0.842 | P=0.018 |
| inhibition of HMGCR | 2024 | Zhao R. et al. (48) | NOT REPORT | DN: males and females with 3283 cases and 181,704 controls | 19 | OR= 1.79 | P = 0.01 |
| COL6A2 | 2024 | Zhang W. et al. (50) | 49,708 individuals of Icelandic descent | DN:287,132 Finnish adult participants (3,676 cases and 283,456 controls) | 23 | OR=1.588 (1.284-1.963) | P=0.0000198 |
| CBLN1 | 2024 | Zhang W. et al. (50) | 49,708 individuals of Icelandic descent | DN:287,132 Finnish adult participants (3,676 cases and 283,456 controls) | 162 | OR=1.141 (1.039-1.253) | P=0.00571 |
| TGFBI | 2024 | Zhang W. et al. (50) | 49,708 individuals of Icelandic descent | DN:287,132 Finnish adult participants (3,676 cases and 283,456 controls) | 75 | OR=1.284 (1.118-1.475) | P=0.000402 |
| ITIH3 | 2024 | Zhang W. et al. (50) | 49,708 individuals of Icelandic descent | DN:287,132 Finnish adult participants (3,676 cases and 283,456 controls) | 164 | OR=1.179 (1.089-1.277) | P=0.0000506 |
| ANG | 2024 | Gurung RL. et al. (51) | 1,000 adult individuals,European+338 participants with Arab and Asian ethnicities. | YT2D DN(:≤40YAsian participants) Control=546, Case=321 | 1 | OR=4.03 (1.28-12.68) | P = 0.017 |
DN, diabetic nephropathy; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; ESDR, End stage renal disease; YT2D, young onset of type 2 diabetes; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.