Figure 3.

The pathways through which HPV affects the levels of PD-L1/PD-1 in CC include the YAP, HIF-1, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK-STAT, MAPK, c-GAS, PI3K/AKT, and STING-TBK1 pathways. These pathways are involved mainly in promoting PD-L1 mRNA expression. HPV oncoproteins are positive regulators of these downstream factors, except Memo-1, whose expression is downregulated by E7. E6 and E7 inhibit the expression of miR-142-5p, upregulate the expression of PD-L1, and induce the expression of PD-L1. In addition, the upregulation of METTL3 by HPV can increase the expression of PD-L1.