Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2025 Jan 1;15(2):362–383. doi: 10.7150/thno.104502

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The author(s)

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See https://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.

PMC Copyright notice

Causes and treatment of depression. Causes of depression (above): genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, neurotransmitter dysregulation, obesity, gastrointestinal issues, alcohol consumption, drug use, sleep disturbances, psychological factors, and stresses. Treatment of depression (below): exercise, balanced diet, adequate sleep, social support, psychotherapy, antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS). Created using BioRender.com.