Table 1.
Comparison of stress-induced depression animal models.
| Stressor type | Brief description | Human Equivalent | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic unpredictable mild stress | Repeated cold stress, thermal stimuli, intermittent air puff, strobe light, intermittent illumination, light or dark cycle shifts, white noise, cage tilting/shaking, no/damp/soiled/changed bedding, water/food deprivation, paired housing, isolated housing, tail suspension, forced swimming. | Chronic stress/anhedonia/anxiety/despair; Reduced interest/movement; Heightened reactivity to sudden unexpected stimuli; Highly sensitive to environmental conditions; Various prolonged, unpredictable disturbances in daily life. |
192 |
| Chronic restraint stress | Immobilization/restraint stress; Placed in a plastic cylinder/tube/small container. |
Physical restraint/confinement; Behavioral despair/anhedonia/anxiety; Restraining or handling uncomfortable stimuli; Exposure to inescapable situations/place; Daily unpleasant situations at work or abusive jobs. |
193 |
| Chronic social stress | Social defeat/conflict; Resident-intruder paradigm; Visual stress/olfactory stress/physical contract; Social isolation; Isolation stress/reared in small individual cages; Uncertain social environment; Overcrowding/frequent changes in cage mates or locations. |
Social stress/disruption/deficits/avoidance/deprivation/isolation/withdrawal; Anhedonia/despair/anxiety/loneliness; Agonistic/stereotyped/submissive behaviors; Dysfunctional social behavior/bullying and psychological abuse; No peer interaction/less contact/reduction of enthusiasm/reduced shoaling; Social instability stress/unstable social hierarchy; Passive coping with inescapable stress; Exposure to open unprotected space/inescapable place. |
194-196 |
| Maternal separation stress | Maternal separation; Early weaning/social isolation environmental stress. |
Social avoidance/despair/anxiety; Parental negligence/childhood trauma/growing up in poverty/early life stress; Predictable or unpredictable social stressors in juvenile period; Postpartum depression/changes in maternal behavior. |
197, 198 |
| Learned helplessness | Inescapable electric foot-shock; Continuous involuntary movement; Predictable physical stressor. |
Hopelessness/anhedonia; Social avoidance/withdrawal/reduced escape behavior; Symptoms of traumatic stress; Unresolvable situation or problem. |
199 |
| Predator stress | Predator scent; Protected exposure; Unprotected exposure. |
Anxiety/psychosocial stress; Symptoms of post-traumatic stress; Fear conditioning. |
200 |