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Neuronal protection of VNS. p70S6K, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase kinases; CREB, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; NE, norepinephrine; α1-AR, α1-norepinephrine receptors; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; CC3, cleaved caspase 3.
