Fig. 3.

Seasonal cycles of energy storage for reservoirs in Earth’s climate system estimated from monthly values from January 2008 through December 2020 as described in the text. Ocean heat storage is estimated by integrating from the surface to 50 m below the maximum monthly 95th percentile mixed layer depth from Johnson and Lyman (2022), or from the surface to 130 m where those values are not mapped, primarily in ice-covered high-latitude regions where that depth of integration should encompass the seasonal cycle of ocean diabatic heat energy storage. The residual is the sum of energy storage in the various reservoirs minus that at the TOA. Error bars show 5–95% confidence intervals