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. 2024 Dec 12;26:e52943. doi: 10.2196/52943

Table 1.

General characteristics of the included studies.

First author (year) Study design Diagnosis Sample size (N) Intervention modality Intervention dosage and characteristics Weeks (n): (1) of intervention (2) before surgery Comparator characteristics Outcomes measures Assessment time points
Yi et al (2019) [45] NRISa Lumbar degenerative disease 48 Asynchronous

  • Total volume: 960 minutes.

  • Mindfulness-based stress reduction course.

  • 8 audio-video lessons + 6 h audio-video retreat (about 16 h overall)

  • Not reported (at least 1 session before surgery)

 No prehabilitation MEDb per day, VAS-BPc, VAS-LPd, ODIe, EQ-5D-QUALY, EQ-5D-VAS, PROMIS-PFf, and PROMIS-PIg Baseline (preoperative visit), 30 days after surgery
Chavez et al (2020) [46] NRIS Lumbar degenerative disease 48 Asynchronous

  • Total volume: 960 minutes.

  • Mindfulness-based stress reduction course.

  • 8 audio-video lessons + 6 h audio-video retreat (about 16 h overall)

  • Not reported (at least 1 session before surgery)

 No prehabilitation MED per day, VAS-BP, VAS-LP, ODI, EQ-5D-QUALY, EQ-5D-VAS, PROMIS-PF, and PROMIS-PI Baseline (preoperative visit), 3 months and 12 months after surgery
Yin et al (2015) [47] RCTh Primary meniscal tear 64 Asynchronous

  • Total volume: 20 minutes.

  • Web-based tutorial covering anatomy, pathology, and general perioperative instructions

  • 1 week

  • 1-2 weeks

 Standard counselling Ad hoc surveys for patient’s perioperative experience preparedness and satisfaction) Baseline (preoperative visit), the day of surgery (preoperative), first visit after surgery
Culliton et al (2018) [49] RCT Knee osteoarthritis 416 Asynchronous

  • Total volume: 50 minutes.

  • Digital version of “My Guide to Total Knee Replacement” + 32 educational videos (patient’s expectations on pain, function, restrictions, or exercises) and 2 medical animations of TKAi surgery (about 50 minutes overall).

  • Not reported (from preadmission visit to surgery)

 Paper-printed “My Guide to Total Knee Replacement” Preoperative expectation survey, KSSj, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, SF-12k, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Social Role Participation Questionnaire, PASSl Baseline (preoperative visit), 6 weeks, 3 months, and 1 year after surgery
Soeters et al (2018) [48] RCT Knee or hip osteoarthritis 126 Asynchronous and synchronous

  • Total volume: 85 minutes.

  • Microsites for information and preparation (with also images and videos) + one face-to-face session

  • 1-2 weeks

  • 2 weeks

 One face-to-face session WOMACm and length of stay Baseline (preoperative visit), 4-6 weeks after surgery
An et al (2021) [50] RCT Knee osteoarthritis 60 Asynchronous and synchronous

  • Total volume group A: 900 minutes.

  • Group A: 2-way video call (therapeutic exercise).

  • Group B: Guidebook for exercises and education.

  • 3 weeks

  • 4 weeks

 Standard counseling ROMn, PPTo, TUGp, WOMAC, quadriceps peak torque 60°/s and 180°/s Baseline (4 weeks before surgery), the day of surgery (preoperative), 6 weeks after surgery
Doiron-Cardin et al (2020) [44] RCT Knee or hip osteoarthritis 34 Asynchronous and synchronous

  • Total volume group A: 3780 minutes.

  • Group A: 2/7 sessions through 2-way video call and 5/7 unsupervised home sessions (therapeutic exercise and education).

  • Group B: 2/7 in-person sessions and 5/7 unsupervised home sessions (therapeutic exercise and education).

  • 12 weeks

  • Not reported

 One face-to-face session (home-based) LEFSq, WOMAC, SF-36r, TUG, STs, SPWt, satisfaction survey Baseline (preoperative visit), 12 weeks after baseline (preoperative)

aNRIS: nonrandomized intervention study.

bMED: morphine-equivalent dosing.

cVAS-BP: visual analogue scale for back pain.

dVAS-LP: visual analogue scale for leg pain.

eODI: Oswestry Disability Index.

fPROMIS-PF: Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Physical Function.

gPROMIS-PI: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference.

hRCT: randomized controlled trial.

iTKA: total knee arthroplasty.

jKSS: Knee Society Score.

kSF-12: Short Form Health Survey.

lPASS: patient acceptable symptom state.

mWOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.

nROM: range of motion.

oPPT: pressure pain threshold.

pTUG: timed-up and go.

qLEFS: Lower Extremity Functional Scale.

rSF-36: Short-Form 36 Health Survey.

sST: stair test.

tSPW: self-paced walk.