Table 2.
Biomarker levels measured in FLEHS IV adolescents normalized to specific gravity (urinary markers) or standardized for serum lipids (lipid-soluble serum biomarkers) (n = 409).
| Group | Exposure | Median (P25, P75) |
|---|---|---|
| Metals (μg/L) | Pb (blood) | 7.59 (5.96, 9.40) |
| Mn (blood) | 9.35 (7.90, 11.26) | |
| Cu (blood) | 795 (724, 877) | |
| Cd (urine) | 0.29 (0.23, 0.39) | |
| Tl (urine) | 0.36 (0.29, 0.43) | |
| Pesticide (μg/L) | 3-PBA | 0.87 (0.58, 1.58) |
| 2,4-D | 0.27 (0.15, 0.45) | |
| TCPY | 4.5 (2.9, 6.4) | |
| PCBs (ng/g lipid) | PCB118 | 2.13 (1.55, 2.95) |
| PCB153 | 10 (6, 16) | |
| PCB138 | 6.9 (4.7, 10.1) | |
| PCB187 | 1.10 (0.65, 1.89) | |
| PCB180 | 4.3 (2.7, 7.3) | |
| PCB170 | 2.00 (1.24, 3.26) | |
| OC pesticides (ng/g lipid) | OXC | 1.18 (0.82, 1.74) |
| TN | 0.80 (0.51, 1.17) | |
| p,p'-DDE | 36 (24, 63) | |
| p,p'-DDT | 2.4 (1.1, 4.5) | |
| HCB | 7.6 (5.7, 9.8) | |
| β-HCH | 1.13 (0.81, 1.50) | |
| PFAS (μg/L) | PFOA | 1.10 (0.84, 1.30) |
| PFNA | 0.31 (0.23, 0.44) | |
| PFHxS | 0.48 (0.35, 0.65) | |
| PFOS | 2.10 (1.40, 3.15) | |
| PAH (μg/L) | 1-NAP | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) |
| 2-NAP | 3.7 (2.1, 6.9) | |
| 2-PHEN | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | |
| 3-PHEN | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | |
| Benzene (μg/L) | TTMA | 101 (57, 146) |
| OPFRs (μg/L) | DPHP | 1.32 (0.88, 2.05) |
| BDCIPP | 0.34 (0.15, 0.69) | |
| BCIPHIPP | 0.65 (0.30, 1.47) | |
| EHPHP | 4.1 (2.8, 6.7) | |
| BBOEHEP | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | |
| 5-OH-EHDPHP | 0.09 (0.06, 0.16) | |
| Bisphenol (μg/L) | BPA | 1.14 (0.68, 1.91) |
| BPF | 0.15 (0.08, 0.30) | |
| BPS | 0.14 (0.07, 0.22) | |
| Phthalates, DINCH & other alternative plasticizers (μg/L) | MEP | 27 (15, 71) |
| 5cx-MEPP | 16 (12, 22) | |
| 5OH-MEHP | 6.6 (4.3, 10.1) | |
| MiBP | 22 (15, 41) | |
| MnBP | 19 (12, 31) | |
| 5oxo-MEHP | 4.1 (2.8, 6.6) | |
| MBzP | 2 (1, 6) | |
| MEHP | 1.32 (0.83, 2.13) | |
| OHMEHTP | 0.58 (0.35, 1.02) | |
| MHNP | 4.3 (2.8, 6.5) | |
| MCOP | 1.88 (1.29, 2.84) | |
| MHNCH | 1.16 (0.72, 2.28) | |
| MCOCH | 1.07 (0.74, 1.68) | |
| OHMIDP | 0.73 (0.45, 1.21) | |
| CXMIDP | 1.25 (1.06, 1.58) | |
| OXOMIDP | 0.41 (0.28, 0.68) |