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. 2024 Nov 28;21(11):1047–1059. doi: 10.26599/1671-5411.2024.11.001

Table 1. Newcastle-Ottawa Scales values of 20 nRSs.

Study Exposed truly representative of average Selection non-exposed
from same community
Exposure ascertained by secure record or interview Demonstration of outcome of interest not present at study start Comparable based groups based on major factor Adequate assessment of outcomes Follow-up long enough for outcome to occur Adequacy follow-up: subjects lost to follow-up unlikely to introduce bias
Non-selective studies
 Schulz, et al.[38] / /
 Harada, et al.[36] / /
 Naganuma, et al.[37]
 Ikuta, et al.[40] / /
 Elwany, et al.[39] / /
 Herrador, et al.[45]
 Yang, et al.[30]
 Li, et al.[43]
 Kitani, et al.[41] / /
 Okutsu, et al.[35] / /
 Zhao, et al.[31] / /
LM-only studies
 Lu, et al.[27] / /
 Ullah, et al.[47] / /
 Lee, et al.[34]
 Kook, et al.[33] ☆☆
 Xiao, et al.[28] / /
 Erdoğan, et al.[44] / /
 Liu, et al.[46]
 Li, et al.[29]
 Kobayashi, et al.[32] / /