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. 2024 Dec 21;14(24):3699. doi: 10.3390/ani14243699

Table 3.

Levels of mechanization by Schumann and Kern [66].

Pre-mechanization Manual
Line flow
Mechanization Single units with manual work
Single units with mechanical control
Multi-functional units without manual control
Systems of units
Automation Partly automated single units
Partly automated systems
Automated manufacturing