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. 2024 Dec 27;24:3594. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-20820-2

Table 1.

Univariate analysis of socio demographic and clinical correlates of Insomnia

Variables Insomnia X2 P value
No Yes
N % N Weighted%
Age 19.79 0.02
21–34 376 87.55 50 12.45
35–49 340 92.33 21 7.67
50 and above 329 95.89 13 4.11
Marital Status 24.98 0.01
Never Married 316 86.35 47 13.65
Married 650 95.22 31 4.78
Divorced/ Separated/ Widowed 79 93.67 6 6.33
Depression 265.09 < 0.001
No 988 96.37 43 3.631
Yes 57 49.71 41 50.29
Anxiety 210.59 < 0.001
No 974 96.06 47 3.94
Yes 71 55.41 37 44.59
Stress 114.87 < 0.001
No 977 94.94 50 5.06
Yes 68 62.49 34 37.51
COVID-19 Related Stressors
I might be infected with COVID-19 8.45 0.05
No 715 94.15 41 5.85
Yes 330 89.25 43 10.75
Unemployment 10.24 0.04
No 585 94.7 25 5.30
Yes 460 89.64 59 10.36
Financial loss 24.27 < 0.001
No 553 95.97 18 4.03
Yes 492 88.24 66 11.76
School Closure 22.01 < 0.001
No 783 94.38 50 5.62
Yes 262 84.99 34 15.01
Exposure to COVID-19: Have you directly been in contact with any of the identified clusters in Singapore 5.10 0.01
No 997 92.96 75 7.04
Yes 36 80.08 8 19.92
Chronic Conditions
Asthma 18.30 < 0.001
No 940 93.7 68 6.30
Yes 104 82.27 16 17.73
Backache 32.63 < 0.001
No 917 94.31 70 5.69
Yes 124 80.9 14 19.1
Migraine 22.73 < 0.001
No 938 93.76 65 6.24
Yes 102 80.25 18 19.75
Future 1 month Risk of COVID-19 Infection 11.60 0.03
Never 706 93.96 39 6.044
50/50 217 87.44 31 12.56
Likely certain 90.85 33 8 9.15

*Only significant variables are reported in the table above

- The variables included in the Chi- squared test were age, gender, ethnicity, education, employment, marital status, income, PHQ-9, GAD-7, DASS, COVID-19 related stressors, Exposure to COVID-19 infection, Chronic conditions, Current perceived and future 1 month risk of COVID-19 infection.