Figure 1.

Evaluation of intracellular ROS level in HaCaT cells. The effect of CpLfe at 100, 250, and 500 μg/mL on intracellular ROS levels evaluated using the H2DCF-DA assay after 24 h treatment as compared with the vehicle control. Cells treated only with H₂O₂ (300 μM) were used as a positive control. The graph represented the mean and SD of three separate experiments and relative fluorescence intensity was calculated as fold-change relative to untreated control cells, arbitrarily set at 100%. Differences versus each respective negative control (mock) were considered significant at * p-value ≤ 0.05, and versus untreated cells at # p-value ≤ 0.05, ## p-value ≤ 0.0001 (calculated by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test).