Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author and year | Model form and dimensions | Material used | Composition | Manufacturer | Printing technology | Light parameters Speed Nozzle diameter |
Postprocessing and polymerization | Variables and orientations tested | Layer thickness µm and number of layers | Printing speed | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ide et al. 2015 [29] | 270 Triangular prism models with a height of 15 mm | Vero White | NR | Stratasys | Polyjet: Objet Alaris 30 | NR | Gel-type polymer support material was removed using a high-pressure water jet system. Glossy surface finish option was selected | Three different printing directions (A, B, and C) for each of the six angles (60°, 45°, 30°, 20°, 10°, and 5°) | 16 µm | NR | Height and surface outlines |
| PC-ISO | FDM: Fortus 400mc | Nozzle Diameter: T12 (178 µm) | 178 µm | ||||||||
| ABS Plus ivory | FDM: Dimension sst 1200es | Nozzle Diameter: T16 (254 µm) | 254 µm | ||||||||
| Short et al. 2018 [32] | Complete arch orthodontic model | Grey Resin GPGR02 | NR | Formlabs Inc | SLA; Form2, Formlab, USA | NR | NR |
Horizontal 20 degree Vertical |
NR |
Horiz. 2h and 6 min Oblique 2h and 42 min Vertical 2h and 59 min |
|
| Arnold et al. 2019 [26] |
A single-span, four-unit bridge canine and 1st molar |
synthetic Grey Resin V3 |
Methacrylated oligomer 75 −90% Methacrylated monomer 25–50% Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide 1 −3% |
Formlabs Inc | SLA; Form2, Formlab, USA | NR |
Support structures were removed using H251E.104.040 miller followed by cleaning for 10 min each and the debris was removed with compressed air, then dried at 60 °C, and post-cured at wavelengths of 350–500 nm for 60 min |
Solid and hollow model horizontal | 25 µm 659 layers | 466 min | Surface quality |
|
50 µm 330 layers |
249 min | ||||||||||
|
100 µm 165 layers |
146 min | ||||||||||
| Solid and hollow model tilted |
25 µm 1036 layers |
620 min | |||||||||
|
50 µm 564 layers |
381 min | ||||||||||
|
100 µm 314 layers |
285 min | ||||||||||
| Brenes et al. 2020 [27] | Maxillary model |
NextDent Model 2.0 Die and Model Gray PLA Polar White VeroDent Die and Model Tan DentaModel FotoDent Model 2 |
NR |
NextDent SprintRay CEL Robox Stratasys SprintRay Asiga Dreve |
SLA: Form 2, Formlabs DLP: -MoonRay S100, Sprint Ray - Asiga Max UV, Asiga - Sprint Ray Pro Filament: CEL Robox FDM: Eden260V, Stratasys DLP/LCD: Planmeca Creo CS, Planmeca |
NR | Post-curing process for DLP and SLA printers was standardized and consisted of two 15-min isopropyl alcohol washes at a 95% concentration in two separate containers, followed by a 15-min UV-light post-curing exposure | 0 degrees,, and to the build plate |
50 µm in all printer except for Eden260V 28 µm Number of layers: NR |
NR | Surface roughness and surface waviness |
| 30 degrees (with base supports) | |||||||||||
| 70 degrees ("vertical" without supports) | |||||||||||
| different resin and printer | |||||||||||
| Ko et al. 2021 [17] | Maxillary model | Model Gray resin | NR | SprintRay, Model Gray resin, Los Angeles, Calif | DLP: MoonRay S printer | NR |
Washed in a 90% isopropyl alcohol bath with agitation for 5–10 min, and gently cleaned with a soft toothbrush to remove the re- maining excess uncured resin. Models were then removed from the platform with a metal scraper and supports cut with a flush cutter per the manufacturer's recommendation. Models were further air-dried, cured in a SprintRay ultraviolet unit for 15 min, |
0° | NR | NR | Accuracy |
| 30° | |||||||||||
| 60° | |||||||||||
| 90° | |||||||||||
| Different layer height: 20 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm | |||||||||||
| Süpple et al. 2021 [33] | Models of patients with permanent dentition and in need of orthodontic treatment | Light-curing methacrylate-based resin (IMPRIMO® LC model, Scheu Dental, Iserlohn, Germany) | NR | IMPRIMO® | DLP: Asiga MAXTM, Scheu Dental, I®serlohn, Germany | NR |
Immersed into an ultrasonic cleaning device (IMPRIMO® Clean, Scheu Dental, Iserlohn, Germany) filled with a butyldiglycol-based detergent solution (IMPRIMO® Cleaning Liquid, Scheu Dental, Iserlohn, Germany) for 10 min. The models were then light-cured for five minutes using a resin-specific program with a wavelength of 405 nm in a nitrogen environment |
Tilted 15° from the horizontal build platform |
0.05 mm Number of layers: NR |
NR | Accuracy |
| Tilted 15° from the vertical line (75◦ from the horizontal build platform) | |||||||||||
| Tongkitcharoen et al. 2023 [34] | Maxillary models | Formlabs dental model resin | NR | Model Resin [FLDMBE03] Formlabs, Massachusetts, USA | SLA: Form 2 Formlabs, Massachusetts, USA | 405 nm wavelength laser light source |
Rinsed with isopropyl alcohol (IPA: 96%) for 5 min in an ultrasonic bath and then transferred to soak in a second and third bath for 2 min each. Polymerization: at 60 °C for 15 min- in a 450-wavelength light-emitting diode oven |
0° |
100 μ Horizontal print: 266 layers Vertical print: 550 layers |
NR | Accuracy |
| 45° | |||||||||||
| 90° | |||||||||||
| Non-hollow (solid base) | |||||||||||
| Hollow: shell thickness | |||||||||||
| Lojo et al. 2023 [30] | Maxillary cast | Polymer resin (Phrozen Aqua Gray 4 K) | NR | Phrozen |
DLP (Photon mono SE. LCD 2 K: Anycubic) |
NR |
Rinsing: 10 min in 99% IPA solution in a rinsing unit (Anycubic Wash: Anycubic) Polymerization 6 min in UV- UV-polymerization machine (Anycubic Cure: Anycubic) |
0° |
40 μm Number of layers: NR |
Bottom lift speed: 180 mm/min Lift speed: 180 mm/min Retraction speed: 180 mm/min |
Accuracy |
| 22.5° | |||||||||||
| 45° | |||||||||||
| 67.5° | |||||||||||
| 90° | |||||||||||
| Subbaiah et al. 2023 [23] | 25 maxillary and 25 mandibular orthodontic study models | Vero white plus RGD 835 | - | Stratasys | PolyJet 3D printer (Objet 30 prime) | - | The support material covering the model was removed with pressurized water using a water jet machine (Stratasys Ltd., Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States). After this, the entire models were cleaned and dried | Vertical (90°) and horizontal (0°) orientations | NR |
Horizontally 40 min , vertically 66 min |
Accuracy and cost-effectiveness |
| ElShebiny et al. 2024 [16] | Maxillary model |
SprintRay, Model Gray resin, Los Angeles, CA Formlabs Inc, Somerville, MA |
NR | SprintRay and Formlab |
DLP SprintRay Pro 95 SLA printer Form 3 |
NR |
Rinsed in isopropyl alcohol ≥ 96% for 10 min using the form Wash for the Formlabs and use the Multi-Cycle option of the Pro Wash/Dry for Sprintray A compressed air hose was used to dry the model's surfaces and then, the models were placed in a heated curing unit and cured for 5 min at 60°C for the Formlabs |
0° | 25 μm, 50 μm, 100 μm, 175 μm | NR | Accuracy |
| 90° | |||||||||||
| DLP with layer heights (50 μm, 100 μm, 175 μm) | |||||||||||
|
SLA with layer heights (20 μm, 50 μm, 100 μm) | |||||||||||
| García et al. 2024 [28] | Maxillary model with an internal hex connection implant placed in the left central incisor position | Phrozen Water Washable Dental Model Resin PHP-RS1000WWDM, | NR | Phrozen, Hsinchu, Taiwan | LCD printer (Phrozen, Sonic Mini 4K, Hsinchu, Taiwan) | NR | Placed in water for 15 min to remove excess impression material. Then, they were left for 15 min in the curing camera (Anycubic Wash&Cure 2.0 Shenzhen Anycubic Technology Co., Shenzhen, China) | 0° |
50 μm Number of layers: NR |
NR | Accuracy |
| 45° | |||||||||||
| 90° | |||||||||||
| Lohfeld et al. 2024 [15] | Maxillary model | Photosensitive polymer resin (Die and Model Tan) | NR | SprintRay, Lake Forest, CA, USA | DLP printer (Pro model, SprintRay) | 405 nm wavelength light source | Rinsing and 5 min ultrasound bath cleaning in 99% isopropyl alcohol, air drying, and post-curing for 15 min in a ProCure blue-light convection oven (SprintRay, Lake Forest, CA, USA) with a light wavelength of 405 nm | Solid—0° |
100 μm Number of layers: NR |
NR | Accuracy |
| Shell—0° | |||||||||||
| Solid—70° | |||||||||||
| Shell—70° | |||||||||||
| Solid—90° | |||||||||||
| Shell—90° | |||||||||||
| Demirel et al. 2024 [18] |
56 Master maxillary typodont with tooth preparations for different restoration designs |
DentaMODEL | NR | Asiga | DLP: Composer v1.3; Asiga, Sydney, Australia | NR | Ultrasonically (Wash & Cure 2.0; Anycubic, Shenzhen, China) cleaned in isopropyl alcohol for 10 min (5 min of prewash and 5 min of postwash) and postpolymerized by using a xenon polymerization device (OtoFlash G171; NK Optik GmHb, Baierbrunn, Germany) under nitrogen oxide gas atmosphere for 4000 flashes (2000 × 2) | 0- degree, 30-degree, 45-degree, 90-degree |
100 μm Number of layers: 0-degree DLP: 359 30-degree DLP: 58 45-degree DLP: 649 90-degree DLP: 621 |
0-degree DLP: 1 h 13 m 30-degree DLP: 1 h 59 m 45-degree DLP: 2 h 11 m 90-degree DLP: 2 h 6 m |
Trueness |
| Model Resin V3 | Formlabs | SLA: PreForm; Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA | Ultrasonically (Form Wash; Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) cleaned in isopropyl alcohol for 10 min and postpolymerized in a light emitting diode polymerization device (Form Cure; Formlabs, Somerville, MA, USA) for 30 min at 60 ◦C |
100 μm Number of layers: 0-degree SLA: 401 30-degree SLA: 630 45-degree SLA: 691 90-degree SLA: 650 |
0-degree SLA: 1 h 48 m 30-degree SLA: 2 h 27 m 45-degree SLA: 2 h 37 m 90-degree SLA: 2 h 20 m |
FDM Fused deposition modeling
SLA Stereolithography
DLP Digital light processing
LCD Liquid crystal display
NR Not reported
H hour, min minutes