Table 1.

Comparison of the three main Types of 3D bioprinting [19,20].

Criteria	Extrusion-Based	Droplet-Based	Laser-Based
Mechanism	Continuous bioink deposition through a nozzle	Controlled bioink droplets on a substrate	Laser pulses transfer bioink droplets
Resolution	Low to medium (100–500 µm)	Medium to high (10–50 µm)	Very high (1–10 µm)
Speed	Moderate	High	Moderate to low
Material Compatibility	Viscous bioinks	Low viscosity bioink	Broad, including delicate materials
Advantages	Versatile, scalable, cost-effective	High resolution, fast droplet generation	Extremely precise, minimal bioink waste
Disadvantages	Lower resolution, possible cell damage	Limited material choice, potential clogging	Expensive, complex, slower
Typical Applications	Large constructs (e.g., bone, vascular tissues)	High-precision models (e.g., skin, microfluidics)	Microscale tissue engineering, cell patterning