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. 2024 Dec 20;14(12):632. doi: 10.3390/bios14120632

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Changes in the expression levels of five candidate marker genes after chemical treatments to THP-1 cells. (a–i) The changes in the expression levels of HMOX1, JUN, PPP1R15A, BTG2, and PMAIP1 genes after treatment of THP-1 cells with p-benzoquinone, methyl pyruvate, 1-naphthol, butyl glycidyl ether, aniline, eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol, chlorobenzene, and vanillin, respectively. The results of LLNA [3,19] and h-CLAT [7,26] for each chemical are also shown. Dark gray bars indicate more than 2-fold increases in the gene expression levels compared to the control. If the expression level of the gene was increased more than 2-fold in two or more of the three trials, the chemical used in the treatment was evaluated as a sensitizer.

Changes in the expression levels of five candidate marker genes after chemical treatments to THP-1 cells. (a–i) The changes in the expression levels of HMOX1, JUN, PPP1R15A, BTG2, and PMAIP1 genes after treatment of THP-1 cells with p-benzoquinone, methyl pyruvate, 1-naphthol, butyl glycidyl ether, aniline, eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol, chlorobenzene, and vanillin, respectively. The results of LLNA [3,19] and h-CLAT [7,26] for each chemical are also shown. Dark gray bars indicate more than 2-fold increases in the gene expression levels compared to the control. If the expression level of the gene was increased more than 2-fold in two or more of the three trials, the chemical used in the treatment was evaluated as a sensitizer.