Table 1.

Cytokines and chemokines, listed in alphabetical order, that are relevant in myocarditis pathogenesis.

Cytokine	Role in Myocarditis
CCL5	Pro-inflammatory: CTL chemoattracting agent
IFN-γ	Pro-inflammatory: secreted by infiltrating T lymphocytes and increases cardiac tissue inflammation
IL-1β	Pro-inflammatory: important for innate immunity
IL-4	Pro-inflammatory: linked to Th2 cell differentiation
IL-5	Pro-inflammatory in eosinophilic myocarditis
IL-6	Pro-inflammatory: fundamental for myocarditis development and Th17 cell differentiation
IL-10	Anti-inflammatory: reduced in myocarditis
IL-17	Pro-inflammatory: secreted by Th17 cells and mediates myeloid cells recruitment, fibrosis, and favors DCM evolution
IL-22	Pro-inflammatory: secreted by Th22 cells
IL-23	Pro-inflammatory: fundamental for myocarditis development and Th17 cell differentiation
MIP-1α	Pro-inflammatory: macrophages and CTL chemoattracting agent
TGF-β1	Pro-inflammatory: favors Th17 cell differentiation
TNF-α	Pro-inflammatory