Table 2.

Studies involving ergonomics assessments for surgical tasks.

First Author	Aim	Task	Subjects	Instrumentation	Body Segments
Asadi [30]	To propose a multi-modal approach for the live surgical work environment	laparoscopic surgery procedures (128 min)	12 surgeons	4 sEMG 4 IMU	upper back, upper and fore right an left arms, head
Norasi [31]	To quantify the postural demand, workload, and discomfort experienced by vascular surgeons and to identify the causal factors	vascular surgery (240 min)	16 surgeons	4 IMU	right and left upper arms, head and upper back
Yang [32]	To identify risk factors and assess intraoperative physical stressors, including the type of procedure and equipment used.	normal surgical shift (137 min)	53 surgeons	5 IMU	right and left upper arms, trunk, head
Yu [33]	To assess the ergonomics and workload for both assisting and console surgeons intraoperatively.	robotic prostatectomy (assisting = 142 min, performing = 129 min)	10 (console and assisting surgeons)	6 IMU	head, sternum, shoulders, pelvis
Smith [34]	To evaluate muscle fatigue and participant pain in the upper body muscles.	simulated laryngeal microsurgical tasks in 2 different postures (15 min each)	18 surgeons	7 sEMG	dominant side upper and forearm, deltoid, trapezius
Gold [35]	To compare initial ergonomic positioning between those who receive ergonomic teaching with those who did not.	microscopic temporal bone lab drilling (5 min)	14 otolaryngologists	3 IMU	head, sternum, lumbar region
Viriyasiripong [36]	To measure surgeons’ head movement during laparoscopic simulator.	tasks on a laparoscopic simulator (107–279 s)	19 medical students or surgeons	1 accelerometer	head
Khan [37]	To measure the impact of a structured training program in improving the ergonomic stress in trainee laparoscopic surgeons.	20 h of laparoscopic intra-corporeal suturing training	10 trainees, 3 experts	8 sEMG	right and left deltoids, upper and forearms