Table 5.
Studies with no other categorization.
| First Author | Aim | Task | Subjects | Instrumentation | Body Segments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lind [95] | To present a new sensor-based system for preventive measures of risk assessments. | mail sorting (repetitive task) | 16 novice | 2 IMU | right and left upper arms |
| Silva [96] | To evaluate postal workers’ pain symptoms, movements and proposing preventive measures. | parcel processing activity for delivery | 32 workers | 17 IMU | total body |
| Hemphäläa [97] | To assess the benefits of visual ergonomics intervention in mail sorting facilities | mail sorting | from 12 to 27 subjects | 2 sEMG, 2 inclinometers | right and left trapezius, upper back and head |
| Madeleine [98] | To investigate the relation between self-reported pain, muscular activity and postural load during cleaning tasks. | usual cleaning tasks in a laboratory and a lecture room | 18 cleaners | 4 sEMG, 1 accelerometer | right and left trapezius, erector spinae and back |
| Unge [99] | To clarify if differences in the physical workload, the psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders can be attributed to work organizational factors. | normal work shift (8 h) | 24 hospital cleaners (traditional work organization) and 22 (extended one) | 2 sEMG and 5 accelerometers, 2 electrogoniometers | trapezius, head, upper back, right upper arm and wrist |
| Lee [100] | To investigate whether work pace is a critical indicator for predicting a janitor’s risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders | different cleaning tasks (11.7–74.2 min) | 13 janitors | HR monitor, pedometer, 1 accelerometer | chest and trunk |
| Kiermayer [101] | To quantitatively determine the musculoskeletal load of washroom employees in an animal facility with a holding capacity of 35,000 rodent cages | cleaning and managing of rodent cages (335 min) | 2 workers | CUELA system [112] | trunk and upper and forearms |
| Yang [102] | To measure the activity of the operator when using the bush cutter for different landscape tasks. | using 2 types of brush cutters in the 3 working conditions (30 min each) | 6 workers | 10 sEMG | trunk |
| Yang [103] | To demonstrate which working condition causes the most muscle fatigue, evaluate work fatigue accurately, and reduce WRMSDs in garden workers | hedge pruning (60min) | 120 gardeners | 8 sEMG and 17 IMU | total body |
| Landekic [104] | To investigate the impact of three different chainsaw starting methods on the postural load of the worker and its association with personal and occupational factors. | starting a chainsaw | 28 workers | 17 IMU | total body |
| Wahlström [105] | To describe female hairdressers’ movement, including the variability between hairdressers, between days within hairdresser, and between tasks. | customer tasks and auxiliary non-customer tasks, including breaks (4 days of work) | 28 female hairdressers | 2 inclinometers | deltoids |
| Vera-Jiménez [106] | To analyse Biomechanical Parameters in Police Physical Intervention Techniques for Occupational Risk Prevention. | control of an opponent by a police officer (5 s) | 1 female officer | 19 IMU | total body |
| Mohammad [107] | To evaluate the effect of lumbar support with a built-in massager system on spinal angle profiles among traffic police riders | riding the high-powered motorcycle (20 min) | 24 police riders | 1 smart shirt (5 inclinometers) | back |
| Wong KC [108] | To determine the time spent in different static trunk postures during a typical working day of workers in a special school for severe handicaps. | typical working day of caring children with severe handicaps (6 h) | 18 workers (low back) pain and 15 healthy subjects | 1 accelerometer | back |
| Holtermann [109] | To assess the physical work demands with accelerometers and workplace observations of childcare workers. | normal work week for childcare workers (34.9 h) | 199 childcare workers | 5 accelerometers | trunk, dominant upper arm, calves and right thigh |
| Tjøsvoll [110] | To assess physical work demands in home care, using wearable sensors. | home caring (24 h for 6 days) | 114 home workers | 5 accelerometers and heart rate sensor | dominant upper and lower leg, upper back and deltoid |
| Balasubramanian [111] | To investigate the effects of a helicopter flight on pilots’ back and shoulder muscles. | pre and post flight (60 s) | 8 Coast Guard helicopter pilots | 4 sEMG | bilateral trapezius, erector spinae |