Table 2.

Various soil amendment impacts on antibiotic resistance under different environments.

Fertilizer Types	Effects on AMR Genes	Percent Increase	Reference
Manure and bio-organic fertilizer application	Aminoglycosides, beta-lactamases, chloramphenicol, macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminB (MLSB), multidrug, sulfonamide, tetracycline, vancomycin resistance genes	116%	[90]
Mineral fertilizer (NH4NO3), cattle slurry, and cattle slurry digestate amendment	Tetracycline, sulfonamides, macrolides, integrase gene copy number increased	83%, 20%, 64%, 83%, log copies/gm soil	[96]
Composted manure	Aminoglycoside, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and multidrug resistance was present in higher abundances than the other resistance genes	24% increase in total abundance	[97]
Cattle slurry digestate	TetA, blaCTX-M, blaOXA2, qnrS, intI1, and intI2	104–105 copies/gm soil and (1.2 × 109 copies/gm soil)	[98,99]
Swine manure	ARGs (ermB, qnrS, acc(6′)-Ib, tetM, tetO, and tetQ) tetQ and tetW, and ermB and ermF	3.01 × 108 to 7.18 × 1014 copies/g	[100]
Manure applications	CL1, QACs, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and multidrug	109 copies/gm and 16–48% increase	[18]
Organic fertilizers and livestock and poultry manure	ARGs, including sul2, TetB-01, TetG-01, and TetM-01, TetK, and ermC	12–96%	[101]
Organic fertilizers	IntI1, sul1, and tetM, blaTEM, and blaOXA-48, qnrS1	20–100-fold increase change	[102]