Table 3.

Bias assessment.

Authors	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	Overall
L. de Freitas Silva et al. (2019) [89]
J. Rajan et al. (2009) [90]
H. Arakji et al.(2016) [91]
W. Nehme et al. (2021) [92]
A. Demirci et al. (2022) [93]
A. Caputo et al. (2023) [94]
E. Mantovani et al. (2014) [95]

Domains: D1: Bias due to confounding. D2: Bias arising from the measurement of the exposure. D3: Bias in the selection of participants in the study (or into the analysis). D4: Bias due to post-exposure interventions. D5: Bias due to missing data. D6: Bias arising from the measurement of the outcome. D7: Bias in Selection of the Reported Result. High Some Concerns Low.