Table 3.
Differences in demographics, comorbidities, assessment scales and analytical data between normonnourished and malnourished patients or patients at risk of malnutrition.
| Total | Normonourished | Malnourished or at Risk | p Value | OR* (95%CI *) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Data | ||||||
| Age (years) | 0.445 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | ||||
| Median, [IQR *] | 88 [86–90] | 88.0 [86–90] | 88.0 [86–89] | |||
| Means ± SD * | 88.4 (±2.9) | 88.4 (±3) | 88.4 (±2.9) | |||
| Sex | Males | 195 (47.2%) | 146 (48.8%) | 49 (43%) | ||
| Females | 218 (52.8%) | 153 (51.2%) | 65 (57%) | 0.287 | 1.27 (0.82–1.96) | |
| Lives alone | 75 (19.5%) | 62 (22.2%) | 14 (12.7%) | 0.034 | 0.51 (0.27–0.96) | |
| Live in residence | 8 (2.1%) | 4 (1.4%) | 4 (3.6%) | 0.166 | 2.60 (0.64–10.6) | |
| Lives with spouse | 107 (29.3%) | 81 (31.5%) | 26 (24.1%) | 0.154 | 0.69 (0.41–1.15) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| High blood pressure | 398 (96.4%) | 290 (97.0%) | 108 (94.7%) | 0.274 | 0.56 (0.19–1.61) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 195 (47.2%) | 145 (48.5%) | 50 (43.9%) | 0.399 | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 240 (58.1%) | 181 (60.5%) | 59 (51.8%) | 0.106 | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | |
| Renal disease | 247 (59.8%) | 181 (60.5%) | 66 (57.9%) | 0.625 | 0.90 (0.58–1.39) | |
| Stroke | 50 (12.1%) | 33 (11.0%) | 17 (14.9%) | 0.280 | 1.41 (0.75–2.65) | |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 30 (7.3%) | 22 (7.4%) | 8 (7.0%) | 0.905 | 0.95 (0.41–2.2) | |
| Angina | 43 (10.4%) | 31 (10.4%) | 12 (10.5%) | 0.962 | 1.02 (0.50–2.06) | |
| Myocardial infarction | 82 (19.9%) | 53 (17.8%) | 29 (25.4%) | 0.082 | 1.58 (0.94–2.64) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 293 (70.9%) | 213 (71.2%) | 80 (70.2%) | 0.832 | 0.95 (0.59–1.52) | |
| Hepatopathy | 33 (8.0%) | 22 (7.4%) | 11 (9.6%) | 0.443 | 1.34 (0.63–2.87) | |
| COPD * | 69 (16.7%) | 52 (17.4%) | 17 (14.9%) | 0.537 | 0.83 (0.46–1.50) | |
| Asthma | 27 (6.5%) | 23 (7.7%) | 4 (3.5%) | 0.124 | 0.44 (0.15–1.29) | |
| Gastric ulcer | 18 (4.4%) | 12 (4.0%) | 6 (5.3%) | 0.578 | 1.33 (0.49–3.63) | |
| Dementia | 67 (16.2%) | 31 (10.4%) | 36 (31.6%) | <0.001 | 3.99 (2.32–6.86) | |
| Active neoplasia | 27 (6.5%) | 17 (5.7%) | 10 (8.8%) | 0.257 | 1.59 (0.71–3.60) | |
| Anaemia | 240 (58.1%) | 168 (56.2%) | 72 (63.2%) | 0.199 | 1.34 (0.86–2.08) | |
| Pressure ulcer | 15 (3.6%) | 8 (2.7%) | 7 (6.1%) | 0.092 | 2.38 (0.84–6.72) | |
| Hip fracture | 35 (8.5%) | 16 (5.4%) | 19 (16.7%) | <0.001 | 3.54 (1.75–7.16) | |
| Falls ≥ 3 | 14 (3.4%) | 7 (2.3%) | 7 (6.1%) | 0.056 | 2.73 (0.93–7.96) | |
| OSAS * | 31(7.5%) | 25 (8.4%) | 6 (5.3%) | 0.285 | 0.61 (0.24–1.52) | |
| Obesity | 149 (36.5%) | 131 (44.6%) | 18 (15.8%) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.13–0.41) | |
| Smoker | 146 (36.5%) | 106 (36.6%) | 40 (36.4%) | 0.972 | 0.99 (0.63–1.56) | |
| Alcohol | 82 (20.6%) | 55 (19.0%) | 27 (24.8%) | 0.201 | 1.41 (0.83–2.38) | |
| Assessment scales | ||||||
| Charlson I.* (median, [IQR]) | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–4] | 4 [2–5] | − | − | |
| Charlson I. (means ± SD) | 3.39 ± 1.83 | 3.23 ± 1.63 | 3.79 ± 2.24 | <0.001 | − | |
| Charlson > 4 points, n (%) | 99 (24%) | 61 (20.4%) | 38 (33.3%) | 0.006 | 1.95 (1.21–3.15) | |
| Barthel I.* (median, [IQR]) | 85 [70–100] | 90 [75–100] | 70 [50–85] | − | − | |
| Barthel I. (means ± SD) | 79.42 ± 21.10 | 84.08 ± 18.23 | 67.19 ± 23.20 | 0.003 | − | |
| Barthel I. <60, n (%) | 69 (16.7%) | 28 (9.4%) | 41 (36%) | <0.001 | 5.44 (3.15–9.38) | |
| Pfeiffer (median, [IQR]) | 0 [0–2] | 0 [0–0] | 2 [0–4] | − | − | |
| Pfeiffer (means ± SD) | 1.20 ± 1.98 | 0.74 ± 1.55 | 2.4 ± 2.45 | <0.001 | − | |
| Pfeiffer ≥ 3 errors, n (%) | 89 (22.3%) | 39 (13.4%) | 50 (45.9%) | <0.001 | 5.45 (3.29–9.04) | |
| Frail (median, [IQR]) | 2 [1–2] | 1 [1–2] | 2 [23] | − | − | |
| Frail (means ± SD) | 1.79 ± 0.90 | 1.51 ± 0.73 | 2.32 ± 0.99 | <0.001 | − | |
| Frail ≥ 3 points, n (%) | 26 (17.8%) | 8 (8.3%) | 18 (36.0%) | <0.001 | 6.19 (2.45–15.61) | |
| Analytical data (means ± SD) | ||||||
| Urea (mg/dL) | 79.08 (±38.88) | 76.7 (±35.5) | 85.29 (±46.1) | 0.037 | − | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.41 (±0.61) | 1.4 (±0.56) | 1.4 (±0.72) | 0.333 | − | |
| Glomerular filtration (mL/min) | 45.30 (±18.33) | 45.3 (±17.8) | 45.3 (±19.8) | 0.498 | − | |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138.14 (±13.24) | 137.8 (±15.4) | 138.9 (±3.9) | 0.236 | − | |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.50 (±0.60) | 4.5 (±0.6) | 4.5 (±0.6) | 0.442 | − | |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 6.70 (±0.65) | 6.8 (±0.6) | 6.4 (±0.7) | <0.0011 | − | |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.73 (±0.51) | 3.8 (±0.5) | 3.6 (±0.5) | 0.053 | − | |
| Ultrasensitive troponin T (ng/L) | 55.42 (±75.64) | 52.7 (±72.9) | 61.6 (±81.7) | 0.174 | − | |
| NT-proBNP * (pg/mL) | 4991.6 (±6396.2) | 4444 (±5849) | 6419 (±7484) | 0.008 | − | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 142.91 (±38.53) | 144 (±38) | 140 (±39.7) | 0.179 | − | |
| TSI * (%) | 18.96 (±11.75) | 18.8 (±11.4) | 19.3 (±12.7) | 0.375 | − | |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 149.09 (±185.55) | 143.9 (±196) | 162.5 (±155.3) | 0.191 | − | |
* OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSAS: obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; Charlson I.: Charlson index; Barthel I.: Barthel index; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; TSI: transferrin saturation index.