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. 2024 Dec 15;25(24):13443. doi: 10.3390/ijms252413443

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanisms of action of PAK2 in the regulation of different signaling pathways in different cancers. The red arrow indicates that CDK12 activates the MAPK signaling pathway by directly binding to and phosphorylating PAK2 at T134/T169, thereby promoting gastric cancer progression. Upward arrows indicate the activation of PAK2. Akt: Ak strain transforming; ACSL4: Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4; CDK2: cyclin-dependent kinase 12; CASP: caspase; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; PYK2: FAK-related proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2; HSP90: heat-shock protein 90; LIMK: LIM domain kinase; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCM7: minichromosome maintenance complex component 7; Mlck: myosin light-chain kinases; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinases; PKM2: pyruvate kinase M2; Raf: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; SOX2: SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2; STX17: Syntaxin 17.