Table 5.

Nutrition outcomes at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after enrollment.

Outcomes	n	Mean Change from Baseline		Between-Group Differences
				Unadjusted			Adjusted a
		Healthy Ketogenic Diet (n = 41)	Energy- Restricted Diet (n = 39)	Mean Difference (95% CI)	p-Value	Cohen d	Mean Difference (95% CI)	p-Value	Cohen d
∆ Energy, kcal
3 months	72	−736 ± 445 *	−571 ± 465 *	−166 (−380–48)	0.127	0.36	−121 (−270–28)	0.110	0.19
6 months	58	−704 ± 372 *	−423 ± 510 *	−281 (−516–−46)	0.020	0.63	−244 (−406–−82)	0.004	0.40
12 months	51	−592 ± 469 *	−499 ± 518 *	−92 (−370–185)	0.507	0.19	−43 (−255–169)	0.687	0.06
∆ Protein, g
3 months	71	−11.5 ± 27.6 *	−13.7 ± 20.1 *	2.1 (−9.4–13.7)	0.713	0.09	8.0 (−1.7–17.8)	0.105	0.19
6 months	58	−17.1 ± 31.2 *	−7.5 ± 33.9	−9.6 (−26.7–7.5)	0.265	0.29	−2.2 (−17.4–12.9)	0.769	0.04
12 months	51	−15.7 ± 27.1 *	−13.3 ± 21.6 *	−2.4 (−16.3–11.5)	0.732	0.10	4.9 (−6.8–16.7)	0.404	0.12
∆ Total fat, g
3 months	71	−26.2 ± 24.2 *	−26.2 ± 23.1 *	0.003 (−11.216–11.222)	1.000	0.0001	4.8 (−3.5–13.2)	0.253	0.14
6 months	58	−25.3 ± 22.1 *	−22.2 ± 27.3 *	−3.1 (−16.2–9.9)	0.634	0.12	0.7 (−9.8–11.2)	0.891	0.02
12 months	51	−22.8 ± 28.9 *	−26.7 ± 28.8 *	3.9 (−12.4–20.1)	0.635	0.14	10.0 (−1.9–22.0)	0.098	0.24
∆ Saturated fat, g
3 months	71	−9.8 ± 12.8 *	−10.4 ± 9.2 *	0.6 (−4.7–5.9)	0.830	0.05	1.1 (−2.8–5.0)	0.582	0.07
6 months	58	−11.9 ± 10.8 *	−9.2 ± 11.1 *	−2.7 (−8.5–3.0)	0.349	0.25	−1.3 (−5.2–2.5)	0.494	0.09
12 months	51	−10.0 ± 13.6 *	−10.5 ± 9.4 *	0.5 (−6.2–7.1)	0.890	0.04	2.5 (−2.1–7.1)	0.275	0.15
∆ Carbohydrate, g
3 months	71	−119.0 ± 64.6 *	−58.8 ± 62.8 *	−60.3 (−90.5–−30.1)	<0.001	0.94	−67.7 (−85.9–−49.5)	<0.001	0.88
6 months	57	−106.0 ± 64.3 *	−48.0 ± 68.2 *	−58.0 (−93.2–−22.8)	0.002	0.88	−61.7 (−84.7–−38.8)	<0.001	0.71
12 months	51	−85.0 ± 80.1 *	−58.3 ± 64.2 *	−26.7 (−67.9–14.4)	0.198	0.37	−29.8 (−58.5–−1.1)	0.042	0.29
∆Net Carbohydrate, g
3 months	72	−113.8 ± 62.7 *	−69.8 ± 70.8 *	−43.9 (−75.4–−12.5)	0.007	0.66	−54.1 (−74.4–−33.7)	<0.001	0.62
6 months	58	−106.3 ± 65.9 *	−49.2 ± 66.4 *	−57.1 (−91.9–−22.3)	0.002	0.86	−61.3 (−85.2–−37.3)	<0.001	0.67
12 months	51	−86.3 ± 76.4 *	−54.2 ± 62.8 *	−32.1 (−71.8–7.5)	0.110	0.46	−35.8 (−63.3–−8.3)	0.012	0.37
∆ Sugar, g
3 months	71	−31.8 ± 29.3 *	−14.9 ± 27.3 *	−16.8 (−30.3–−3.4)	0.015	0.60	−14.6 (−20.9–−8.3)	<0.001	0.55
6 months	58	−27.0 ± 29.4 *	−12.9 ± 31.4 *	−14.1 (−30.1–1.9)	0.083	0.46	−11.8 (−20.1–−3.5)	0.006	0.37
12 months	51	−19.0 ± 30.1 *	−16.5 ± 31.6 *	−2.6 (−19.9–14.8)	0.767	0.08	−2.2 (−14.7–10.4)	0.730	0.05
∆ Fiber, g
3 montsh	71	−3.5 ± 7.1 *	−3.6 ± 6.3 *	0.1 (−3.1–3.3)	0.963	0.01	−0.1 (−2.6–2.3)	0.909	0.01
6 months	58	−1.6 ± 6.8	−3.7 ± 7.6 *	2.1 (−1.7–5.9)	0.271	0.29	2.0 (−0.7–4.7)	0.148	0.19
12 months	51	−2.0 ± 6.8	−4.4 ± 6.3 *	2.4 (−1.3–6.1)	0.201	0.37	3.4 (0.4–6.3)	0.028	0.32
∆ Sodium, mg
3 months	71	−1320 ± 1192 *	−757 ± 1116 *	−563 (−1111–−15)	0.044	0.49	−458 (−830–−86)	0.017	0.29
6 months	58	−1156 ± 957 *	−705 ± 1145 *	−451 (−1006–104)	0.109	0.43	−461 (−860–−62)	0.024	0.30
12 months	49	−921 ± 1055 *	−555 ± 1103 *	−366 (−980–248)	0.236	0.34	−361 (−862–140)	0.153	0.21

Data expressed as mean ± SD. ^a Adjusted for gender, age and baseline value of the outcome. * Significant within-group changes p values after Benjamini–Hochberg correction with false discovery rate at 0.20 and n = 54. In bold: Significant between-group differences p-Values after Benjamini–Hochberg correction with false discovery rate at 0.20 and n = 54.