Figure 4.

The effect of photothermal flux ${\overline{I}}_0$ on the self-translation system, with the remaining system parameters set as follows: $\overline{C}=0.3$, $\overline{K}=3.8$, $\overline{\beta }=0.08$, $\overline{\delta }=0.25$, $\lambda =2.0$, ${\mu }_1=0.01$, $R=1.8$, $\overline{g}=2.0,$ and ${\overline{v}}_0=0.5$. (a) The limiting circles of the mass ball. (b) Displacement–time curves of the slider. (c) The amplitude and frequency of self-oscillation. (d) The average velocity of self-translation. As photothermal flux increased, an upward trend was observed in both the $A$ and $f$ of the mass ball’s self-oscillation as well as in the ${\overline{v}}_a$ of the slider’s self-translation.