Table 4.

Pharmacokinetics of rhein.

Species	Substance	Route	Dosage (mg/kg)	Pharmacokinetic Parameters							Reference
	of Administration			AUC(0–t) (μg/mL·h)	Cmax (μg/mL)	tmax(h)	t1/2(h)	MRT(h)	CL (L/h· kg)	Vd(L/kg)
KM mice	Rhein	i.g.	34.50	13.41 ± 6.64	2.98 ± 1.38	0.51 ± 0.12	11.71 ± 5.42	7.19 ± 2.69	8.29 ± 17.45	50.99 ± 50.55	[164]
			17.25	3.70 ± 1.02	1.55 ± 0.43	0.46 ± 0.17	9.19 ± 3.35	6.36 ± 2.16	3.88 ± 1.46	53.13 ± 25.14
KM mice	Rhein	i.g.	34.50	8.04 ± 2.72	2.31 ± 0.92	0.49 ± 0.15	9.03 ± 3.78	7.79 ± 3.05	3.60 ± 1.13	46.85 ± 21.57	[165]
			69.00	16.42 ± 6.71	3.95 ± 1.25	0.56 ± 0.19	9.81 ± 4.25	7.53 ± 2.57	3.43 ± 1.02	48.54 ± 17.38
SD rats	ZZDH Tang	i.g.	N/A	668.20 ± 170.20	357.20 ± 90.60	0.22 ± 0.08	3.42 ± 0.67	2.90 ± 0.67	3.80 ± 1.10	N/A	[166]
SD rats	Rhein	i.g.	100.00	18.96 ± 2.26	4.82 ± 0.70	0.49 ± 0.15	6.90 ± 5.40	N/A	4.91 ± 0.94	44.20 ± 27.20	[167]
Rabbits	SH Powder	Ap.	N/A	2.91 ± 0.88	0.48 ± 0.09	24.66 ± 7.03	10.28 ± 4.07	29.44 ± 6.56	0.0013 ± 0.0002	0.018 ± 0.013	[168]
Beagles	Rhein	i.v.	0.40				α: 0.05 ± 0.07				[169]
				1.50 ± 0.49	3.81 ± 0.65	N/A	β: 0.44 ± 0.52	0.95 ± 0.22	0.29 ± 0.10	0.72 ± 0.33
							γ: 1.77 ± 0.93
			20.00				ka: 0.52 ± 0.52
				41.02 ± 17.64	9.71 ± 4.89	2.75 ± 1.84	α: 1.88 ± 0.43	4.29 ± 0.57	0.56 ± 0.21	2.72 ± 1.29
							β: 3.25 ± 0.85

Note: AUC_(0–t), area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to t hours; C_max, maximum plasma concentration; tmax, time to maximum plasma concentration; t_1/2, elimination half-life; MRT, mean residence time; CL, clearance; Vd, apparent volume of distribution; i.g., intragastric administration; i.v., intravenous administration; Ap., Application; N/A, not applicable; ZZDH Tang, Zhizi Dahuang Tang; SH Powder, Shenhuang Powder.