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. 2024 Dec 18;25(24):13569. doi: 10.3390/ijms252413569

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Pro- and antitumor effects of the TME cells. The tumor microenvironment consists of cells with pro-tumor properties (Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), Cancer-associated adipocytes (CAA), Tumor endothelial cells (TEC)), anti-tumor properties (Natural killer cells (NK), Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)), as well as cells with mixed properties (T helper lymphocytes (TH), T regulatory lymphocytes (Treg), B lymphocytes (BC), dendritic cells (DC), neutrophils (Nφ), macrophages (MP)).