Table 9.
Study characteristics for actuator studies.
| Ref. | Year | Pathology | Technology | Study Goals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [165] | 2020 | Stroke | BuzzNudge 310-103 (Precision Microdrives Ltd., London, UK) | Increase the usage of the affected arm in post-stroke patients. |
| [166] | 2019 | Stroke | Wristwatch SCW-V2 (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong) | Increase the usage of the affected arm in post-stroke patients. |
| [167] | 2023 | Stroke | ARYSTM me|tracker and ARYSTM pro|tracker (Tyromotion Gmbh, Graz, Austria) | Increase the usage of the affected arm in post-stroke patients. |
| [168] | 2022 | Stroke | Custom vibration device, FoVi, composed by four vibration motor pods | muscle recruitment |
| [169] | 2021 | Stroke | Vibrasens VB200, (TechnoConcept, Manosque, France) | muscle recruitment |
| [170] | 2023 | Stroke | TheraBracelet [178] | Improvements for reach and grasp capability more pronounced for grasping |
| [171] | 2023 | CP | TELOS [179] | feedback on upper-limb extremity velocity |
| [172] | 2023 | Stroke | Two-point discrimination 16022 (Lafayette Instrument, Lafayette, IN, USA), Touch-TestVR Sensory Evaluators: SemmesWeinstein Monofilaments (North Coast Medical, Morgan Hill, CA, USA) and Eccentric Rotating Mass motor (model not specified) | enhance reactions and performance |
| [173] | 2020 | Stroke | Electrical stimulator with a constant current and 220 V compliance (model not specified), Dynamometers Power and Pinch Grip (Biometrics Ltd., Newport, UK) and Electrogoniometer SG75 (Biometrics Ltd., Newport, UK) | Significant improvements in upper-limb function particularly in grasp function |
| [174] | 2020 | Stroke | Custom stimulation system, Microsoft Kinect v2 (Microsoft, Seattle, WA, USA), Raspberry Pi (Raspberry Pi Foundation/Raspberry Pi Trading Ltd., Cambridge, UK), | reliably generate specific target gestures on healthy users |
| [175] | 2021 | Stroke (Hemiplegia) | FITFES, custom necklace layout system composed by EMG amplifier AD8326 (Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA, USA), STM32L476 (STMicroelectronics, Geneva, Switzerland), Bluetooth BGM13P (Silicon Labs, Austin, TX, USA), HVPS Flyback regulator (not specified), IMU (not specified), Functional Electrical Stimulation eletrodes (Axelgaard, Fallbrook, CA, USA), EMG electrodes (MedicoTest A/S, Glamsbjerg, Denmark), LED Indicators (not specified). | EMG-controlled electrical stimulation system. |
| [176] | 2022 | Stroke and SCI | Custom neuromuscular electrical stimulation composed by EMG, accelerometer, LEDs and A/D converters (models not specified) | Human-to-human management stimulation signals between the patient and therapist. |
| [177] | 2020 | Essential tremor | Custom wristband composed by IMU LSM303D (STMicroelectronics, Geneva, Switzerland), microcontroller CC2510 (Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA), Wireless Transceiver (not specified), Voltage-mode Stimulator Circuitry—(custom-built, not specified), battery Charger LTC4054 (Analog Devices, San Jose, CA, USA) Boost Converter LM27313 (Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA), Electronic Switches (not specified), Variable Resistor AD5162 (Analog Devices, Wilmington, MA, USA) Surface Electrodes (Syrtenty, São Paulo, Brazil). | Tremors attenuation |