TABLE 2.
Comparison of unadjusted average costs 0–30 days after the index date between the overdose and non-overdose cohorts (2020 US dollars).
| Types of costs | Opioid OD cohort (n = 1413) | Non-opioid OD cohort (n = 65 100) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total costs ($), mean (SD) | 21 686 (24 806) | 3341 (9780) | < 0.001 |
| Inpatient cost categories ($), mean (SD) | |||
| Total inpatient costs | 15 929 (21 910) | 1542 (8713) | < 0.001 |
| Medical/surgical | 8244 (17 846) | 435 (6660) | < 0.001 |
| Psychiatry/mental health | 3465 (8606) | 359 (2945) | < 0.001 |
| Substance use treatment | 838 (3604) | 125 (1404) | < 0.001 |
| Mental health residential rehabilitation treatment program | 731 (3399) | 378 (2596) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 1393 (8133) | 155 (2619) | < 0.001 |
| Outpatient cost categories ($), mean (SD) | |||
| Total outpatient costs | 5542 (11 411) | 1746 (3650) | < 0.001 |
| Medical/surgical | 1370 (1702) | 457 (1254) | < 0.001 |
| Psychiatry/mental health | 572 (970) | 286 (720) | < 0.001 |
| Substance use treatment | 346 (912) | 194 (621) | < 0.001 |
| Pharmacy | 345 (1074) | 305 (1331) | < 0.001 |
| Mental health residential rehabilitation treatment program | 40 (238) | 9 (98) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 1525 (10 005) | 330 (1187) | < 0.001 |
Note: Of 1413 patients in our opioid overdose (OD) cohort, 148 (10.5%) died within the year after overdose. Of 65 100 patients in our non-OD cohort, 1999 (3.1%) died within the year after the index date. If a patient died during one of the post-index date periods, we assigned subsequent period costs to missing. Mann–Whitney U-tests were performed for non-parametric data.
Abbreviation: SD = standard deviation.