. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 28.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2023 Jul 19;118(11):2203–2214. doi: 10.1111/add.16289

TABLE 3.

Marginal adjusted costs and utilizations of the overdose and the non-overdose groups at 90 days before and up to 90 days after the index date (2020 US dollars).

Types of costs	−90 to −61 days	−60 to −31 days	−30 to −1 days	0–30 days	31–60 days	61–90 days
All costs ($), mean (95% CI)	915 (299, 1531)^**	1241 (667, 1815)^***	2908 (2171, 3645)^***	16 890 (15 611, 18 169)^***	3970 (3218, 4722)^***	2784 (2067, 3502)^***
Inpatient categories ($), mean (95% CI)
Total inpatient costs	611 (82, 1141)^*	856 (346, 1366)^**	1686 (1046, 2325)^***	13 515 (12 378, 14 652)^***	3118 (2399, 3837)^***	2281 (1608, 2955)^***
Medical/surgical	292 (−37, 622)	509 (202, 817)^**	1215 (694, 1736)^***	7522 (6594, 8450)^***	589 (188, 989)^**	555 (155, 956)^**
Psychiatry/mental health	180 (−42, 402)	108 (−94, 310)	320 (99, 541)^**	2884 (2437, 3330)^***	536 (253, 819)^***	259 (32, 485)^*
Substance use treatment	69 (−34, 172)	−24 (−96, 47)	17 (−79, 113)	671 (482, 859)^***	242 (110, 374)^***	158 (51, 266)^**
Mental health residential rehabilitation treatment Program	−89 (−225, 47)	−78 (−226, 70)	−242 (−341, −143)^***	230 (52, 407)^*	681 (424, 938)^***	591 (337, 844)^***
Other	116 (−117, 350)	164 (−79, 408)	114 (−98, 325)	1098 (673, 1524)^***	766 (385, 1148)^***	431 (118, 744)^**
Outpatient categories ($), mean (95% CI)
Total outpatient costs	240 (6, 475)^*	352 (122, 582)^**	1116 (815, 1418)^***	3247 (2648, 3845)^***	775 (535, 1015)^***	454 (226, 682)^***
Medical/surgical	72 (−16, 160)	106 (35, 178)^**	402 (284, 520)^***	756 (669, 842)^***	141 (76, 205)^***	99 (11, 188)^*
Psychiatry/mental health	−10 (−54, 34)	−16 (−54, 22)	61 (2, 120)^*	224 (173, 274)^***	52 (5, 100)^*	20 (−20, 59)
Substance use treatment	14 (−22, 51)	33 (−8, 75)	20 (−16, 56)	135 (87, 182)^***	146 (94, 197)^***	86 (44, 128)^***
Pharmacy	−119 (−175, −62)^***	−76 (−136, −15)^*	−35 (−143, 72)	−58 (−115, −0.1)^*	−29 (−100, 42)	22 (−88, 132)
Mental health residential rehabilitation treatment program	−0.6 (−5, 4)	0.1 (−5, 5)	10 (3, 17)^**	28 (15, 40)^***	20 (9, 31)^***	9 (2, 16)^*
Other	80 (0.6, 160)^*	181 (45, 317)^**	354 (242, 466)^***	1070 (545, 1595)^***	221 (131, 311)^***	171 (70, 271)^**
Resource utilization, mean (95% CI)
Length of stay (days)	0.29 (0.04, 0.54)^*	0.30 (0.06, 0.54)^*	0.45 (0.23, 0.68)^***	6.15 (5.33, 6.97)^***	2.26 (1.74, 2.77)^***	1.61 (1.16, 2.06)^***
Inpatient admissions (no.)	0.04 (0.01, 0.07)^**	0.05 (0.03, 0.08)^***	0.10 (0.07, 0.13)^***	1.01 (0.93, 1.10)^***	0.19 (0.15, 0.23)^***	0.14 (0.11, 0.18)^***
Outpatient visits (no.)	−0.15 (−0.37, 0.06)	0.002 (−0.22, 0.22)	0.23 (0.01, 0.45)^*	1.59 (1.34, 1.84)^***	0.78 (0.52, 1.03)^***	0.42 (0.17, 0.67)^**

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.

< 0.05;

^**

< 0.01;

^***

< 0.001.