TABLE 4.

Pre- and post-event outcomes for those with subsequent overdoses among the opioid overdose cohort (2020 US dollars).

One additional opioid overdose after the index date
Type of costs/expenditures, mean (95% CI)	Before the index event (n = 180)	On or after the index event (n = 180)	difference	P-value
Total costs ($)	6410 (5219, 7602)	11 057 (9109, 13 005)	4647 (2746, 6547)	<0.001
Total inpatient costs ($)	3692 (2694, 4689)	7745 (6007, 9484)	4054 (2246, 5861)	< 0.001
Total outpatient costs ($)	2511 (2102, 2920)	2984 (2606, 3362)	473 (87, 859)	< 0.001
Length of stay (days)	2.16 (1.55, 2.78)	3.72 (2.94, 4.51)	1.56 (0.67, 2.45)	<0.001
Inpatient admission (n)	0.33 (0.25, 0.40)	0.58 (0.49, 0.68)	0.26 (0.15, 0.36)	< 0.001
Outpatient visits (n)	4.60 (4.11, 5.08)	4.69 (4.17, 5.20)	0.09 (−0.36, 0.54)	0.656
Two or more additional opioid overdose after the index date
Type of costs/expenditures, mean (95% CI)	Before the index event (n = 43)	On or after the index event (n = 43)	Difference	P-value
Total costs ($)	6844 (4887, 9000)	12 802 (9693, 15 912)	5958 (2888, 8828)	< 0.001
Total inpatient costs ($)	4063 (2477, 5649)	8474 (6075, 10 873)	4411 (1752, 7070)	< 0.001
Total outpatient costs ($)	2406 (1801, 3012)	3930 (2999, 4860)	1523 (700, 2347)	<0.001
Length of stay (days)	2.22 (1.10, 3.34)	3.24 (2.07, 4.42)	1.03 (−0.59, 2.64)	0.208
Inpatient admission (n)	0.40 (0.23, 0.57)	0.68 (0.49, 0.87)	0.28 (0.08, 0.49)	0.002
Outpatient visits (n)	4.85 (3.85, 5.86)	5.43 (4.36, 6.51)	0.58 (0.34, 1.50)	0.217

Note: Wilcoxon’s signed rank tests were used for non-parametric paired data.

Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.