Behavior	Description
Affiliative
Groom	Use fingers to manipulate the hair of another monkey; may remove parasites
Muzzle	Bring muzzle to any part of another animal’s body except the genitals, usually muzzle to muzzle
Social play	Any form of social play including wrestling, jumping, chasing, mouthing
Social contact/proximity	Sitting on the same side of the cage as another animal, often on the same perch; or sitting within 1 m of another in a larger enclosure
Proximity after a threat	Moving to the same side of the cage as another animal in response to a threat; often a human approaching
Co-enlisting	Pair or group of animals jointly displaying threatening behaviors towards the same perceived threat
Sexual behavior	Sniffing, touching or manipulating the genital area of another animal
Co-eating	Ability to eat chow or treats in the presence of another animal without having the food stolen; often all animals are eating their portion at the same time
Sharing manipulanda	All animals in the group can handle at least one toy/enrichment item
Submissive
Submission	Pawing at ground, backwards shuffling, ambivalent lunges from crouching position
Lip smack	Rapid opening and closing of the lips directed to another; also seen as an affiliative behavior in this colony
Fearful/Depression
Fear grimace	A wide grin that shows the top and bottom teeth
Distancing	Frequent lack of proximity to another even in the presence of a threat, lack of engagement with enrichment or caretakers
Depressed	Distancing accompanied with a hunched posture, often with decreased appetite (depressed behaviors can often also be associated with pain, so triggers veterinary intervention to rule out a medical cause)
Aggressive
Manipulate	Stylized behavior involving placing the hands on the head or shoulders of another animal, embracing. (Was listed as aggressive by Jorgensen [18] but was observed immediately upon reintroduction in long-standing successful male pairs accompanied by lip smacking from both members and preceding long grooming sessions, so was suggestive of an affiliative behavior in this colony.)
Display	Ritualized behavior including standing broadside to another animal with tail up, sideways prancing, circling another animal with tail-up, showing the hindquarters, or showing an erection to another
Branch shake	Vigorous whole body jumping onto cage, divider or play structures
Yawn	Any occurrence of yawning with teeth showing
Stare	Make direct eye contact with another
Threaten	While staring, open mouth, chin forward, ears back, eye lids up
Head jerk	Rapid sideways jerking of the head
Bickering	Slap, push away, chase or wrestle (not in play); can result in minor scratches and hair loss
Contact aggression	Bickering behaviors that escalate to attacking (more significant scratching or biting that results in blood being drawn); minor wounding (smaller wound requiring none or minimal veterinary treatment), major wounding (laceration or bite wound requiring removal from the group for extensive veterinary treatment, often not returned to pair/trio)
Abnormal/Stereotypical
Pacing	Pacing back and forth, at least three turns
Flipping	Performing a back flip, often repetitively
Other stereotypical behaviors	Non-functional repetitive behavior such as the same repetitive manipulation of a toy/item or part of the cage
Self-injurious behavior	Self-directed behavior that can result in injury such as hair plucking and self-biting
Adapted from the ethogram for captive vervets published by Jorgensen [18].