Table 3. Summary of reported cases of Duane syndrome in the literature from 2000 to present including patient demographics and clinical features.

DRS: Duane retraction syndrome; BCVA: Best corrected visual acuity

Author/year	Patient demographic	Classic presentation	Examination findings	Type of syndrome
García et al., 2015 [12]	5-year-old boy	From birth, difficulty moving both eyes horizontally	Each eye's Snellen visual acuity was determined to be +1.5 D with spherical correction. When the palpebral fissure narrowed and the globe retracted somewhat, the extrinsic ocular motility test showed a significant restriction of adduction and an inability to abduct both eyes. Depending on the fixed eye, the patient's face turned to the left or right due to changeable moderate horizontal torticollis. The patient had alternating fixation without vertical changes and esotropia up to +20 PD in the principal location of gaze.	Bilateral type III Duane syndrome
Gökçe et al., 2019 [13]	1.5-year-old boy	Showed up with an odd head posture and strabismus in his left eye	In the primary gazing posture, his chin was angled upward and to the left, and his neck was angled to the right. There was no refractive error in either eye, and the right eye's gazes in all directions were normal. In the left eye, there was an abduction restriction. The predominant gaze position did not exhibit noticeable esophoria.	DRS type 1
Murthy et al., 2022 [14]	13‑year‑old boy	There was a noticeable narrowing of the left eye when facing the left	Both eyes had a BCVA of 6/6; N6. In adjusted head position, 40 arc-second stereopsis was seen on the Titmus fly test. He had a 15° left-face turn. In the main position, the alternate prism cover tests revealed exophoria, which progressed to 12 PD exotropia, with 7 PD hypertropia in the left gaze and orthophoria in the right. The right eye's ocular movements revealed a -2 grade adduction restriction, but the left eye was normal. Along with globe retraction in the right eye, a narrowing of the palpebral fissure was seen (palpebral fissure height: 9.5 mm on abduction and 13.5 mm on adduction). The results of cycloplegic refraction showed that the right eye had +0.50 DS and the left eye had +0.50 DS with -0.50 DC.	Inverse DRS
Mrad et al., 2024 [15]	13-year-old girl	At 21 months of life, left eye abducens paralysis was identified	She had a little left-head tilt, but her visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. The right eye's motility testing was normal. At the same time, it showed a significant retraction of the eyeball in adduction together with a restriction of abduction of the left eye. She was orthotropic in the primary position, and the remainder of the motility test was normal.	DRS type 1