Figure 3. Two-Way Fixed-Effects Estimations of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Flavor Restrictions and Current and Daily Cigarette Smoking Among Young Adults (Age 18-29 Years).

Data come from 18- to 29-year-old respondents to the 2016 to 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Forest plots depict state ENDS flavor policy coefficients and 95% CIs from a series of 2-way fixed effects regression specifications. The simplified specification has a single state ENDS flavor policy coefficient for all states, whereas all others separate out Maryland’s policy. eTable 3 in Supplement 1 provides the corresponding regression output in tabular form, covering the aforementioned coefficients as well as coefficients on other tobacco and nicotine policy variables, with additional covariates described in the table notes. Robust standard errors are clustered by state.

^aP < .05.

^bP < .01