Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Patient level | DCB (n=2752) | DES (n=5463) | POBA (n=847) | P value | Missing (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inclusion time, n (%) | |||||
| 2013–2015 | 733 (26.6) | 1470 (26.9) | 257 (30.3) | 0.049 | 0.0 |
| 2016–2018 | 950 (34.5) | 1995 (36.5) | 293 (34.6) | ||
| 2019–2022 | 1069 (38.8) | 1998 (36.6) | 297 (35.1) | ||
| Age, y, mean±SD | 69.0±10.5 | 69.9±9.9 | 70.1±10.5 | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| Age≥80 y, n (%) | 430 (15.6) | 915 (16.7) | 167 (19.7) | 0.020 | 0.0 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 2122 (77.1) | 4303 (78.8) | 661 (78.0) | 0.23 | 0.0 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Nonsmoker | 1083 (41.1) | 1873 (36.5) | 307 (38.6) | <0.001 | 5.6 |
| Previous smoker | 1223 (46.4) | 2466 (48.1) | 365 (45.9) | ||
| Active smoker | 327 (12.4) | 790 (15.4) | 124 (15.6) | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1082 (39.3) | 1999 (36.6) | 314 (37.1) | 0.053 | 0.0 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1925 (69.9) | 3598 (65.9) | 553 (65.3) | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 2615 (95.4) | 5061 (93.1) | 758 (90.2) | <0.001 | 0.5 |
| Previous heart failure, n (%) | 555 (20.2) | 958 (17.5) | 180 (21.3) | 0.002 | 0.0 |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 271 (9.8) | 442 (8.1) | 67 (7.9) | 0.021 | 0.0 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mean±SD | 84.5±30.1 | 84.0±29.3 | 83.3±30.1 | 0.66 | 21.9 |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 256 (9.3) | 494 (9.0) | 78 (9.2) | 0.93 | 0.0 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 1904 (69.2) | 3904 (71.5) | 575 (67.9) | 0.024 | 0.0 |
| Previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery, n (%) | 464 (16.9) | 907 (16.6) | 125 (14.8) | 0.34 | 0.0 |
| Procedural characteristics | |||||
| Contrast volume, mL, mean±SD | 144.8±64.6 | 166.6±77.2 | 143.5±69.0 | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| Arterial access, n (%) | |||||
| Radial | 2105 (76.5) | 4154 (76.0) | 610 (72.0) | 0.032 | 0.0 |
| Femoral | 593 (21.5) | 1172 (21.5) | 218 (25.7) | ||
| Other | 54 (2.0) | 137 (2.5) | 19 (2.2) | ||
| Indication, n (%) | |||||
| Stable coronary artery disease | 859 (31.2) | 1378 (25.2) | 138 (16.3) | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| Unstable angina | 650 (23.6) | 1070 (19.6) | 129 (15.2) | ||
| NSTEMI | 806 (29.3) | 1616 (29.6) | 191 (22.6) | ||
| STEMI | 299 (10.9) | 1110 (20.3) | 297 (35.1) | ||
| Other | 138 (5.0) | 289 (5.3) | 92 (10.9) | ||
| Number of ISRs, n (%) | |||||
| 1 | 2423 (88.0) | 4586 (83.9) | 749 (88.4) | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| 2 | 296 (10.8) | 754 (13.8) | 80 (9.4) | ||
| ≥3 | 33 (1.2) | 123 (2.3) | 18 (2.1) | ||
| Discharge medications, n (%) | |||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 2249 (81.7) | 4490 (82.2) | 672 (79.3) | 0.13 | |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | 2554 (92.8) | 5091 (93.2) | 743 (87.7) | <0.001 | |
| Statin | 2318 (84.2) | 4653 (85.2) | 711 (83.9) | 0.42 | |
| β blocker | 2112 (76.7) | 4326 (79.2) | 640 (75.6) | 0.007 | |
| ACEi/ARB | 1930 (70.1) | 3860 (70.7) | 597 (70.5) | 0.89 | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 839 (30.5) | 1690 (30.9) | 239 (28.2) | 0.28 | |
| Lesion level | |||||
| DCB (n=3322) | DES (n=6096) | POBA (n=1143) | P value | Missing (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lesion characteristics | |||||
| Lesion location, n (%) | |||||
| Left main lesion | 137 (4.1) | 248 (4.1) | 54 (4.7) | 0.009 | 0.0 |
| Other proximal lesion | 1186 (35.7) | 2396 (39.3) | 443 (38.8) | ||
| Distal lesion | 1999 (60.2) | 3452 (56.6) | 646 (56.5) | ||
| ACC/AHA lesion classification, n (%) | |||||
| Type A | 219 (6.6) | 250 (4.1) | 80 (7.0) | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| Type B1–B2 | 2115 (63.7) | 3557 (58.3) | 613 (53.6) | ||
| Type C or B1–B2 with bifurcation | 988 (29.7) | 2289 (37.5) | 450 (39.4) | ||
| Stent or balloon diameter, mean±SD | 3.1±0.5 | 3.3±0.6 | 3.1±0.7 | <0.001 | 10.7 |
| Use of IVUS or OCT, n (%) | 466 (14.0) | 908 (14.9) | 263 (23.0) | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| Rotablator | 5 (0.2) | 26 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.009 | 0.0 |
| Shockwave | 11 (0.3) | 41 (0.7) | 4 (0.3) | 0.063 | 0.0 |
| Cutting balloon | 178 (5.4) | 175 (2.9) | 8 (0.7) | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| Previous stent characteristics | |||||
| Stent layer, n (%) | |||||
| Single | 3107 (93.5) | 5812 (95.3) | 1091 (95.5) | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| Multiple | 215 (6.5) | 284 (4.7) | 52 (4.5) | ||
| ISR type, n (%) | |||||
| BMS‐ISR | 645 (19.4) | 2248 (36.9) | 154 (13.5) | <0.001 | 0.0 |
| DES‐ISR | 2671 (80.4) | 3831 (62.8) | 986 (86.3) | ||
| Other | 6 (0.2) | 17 (0.3) | 3 (0.3) | ||
| Diameter, mm, mean±SD | 3.0±0.5 | 3.1±0.5 | 3.1±0.6 | <0.001 | 3.4 |
| Stent length, mm, mean±SD | 22.3±8.6 | 20.6±8.1 | 22.7±8.8 | <0.001 | 3.6 |
| Time from stenting to ISR, n (%) | |||||
| Early ISR (≤31 d) | 35 (1.1) | 174 (2.9) | 285 (24.9) | <0.001 | |
| Late ISR (32–365 d) | 784 (23.6) | 824 (13.5) | 244 (21.3) | ||
| Very late ISR (>365 d) | 2503 (75.3) | 5098 (83.6) | 614 (53.7) | ||
ACC/AHA indicates American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; ACEi/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; BMS, bare‐metal stent; DCB, drug‐coated balloon; DES, drug‐eluting stent; ISR, in‐stent restenosis; IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; NSTEMI, non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction; OCT, optical coherence tomography; POBA, plain old balloon angioplasty; and STEMI, ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction.