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. 2024 Dec 28;43:334. doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03258-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Left panel: Schematic of patient-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) organoid grown within an engineered matrix (termed a HELP hydrogel). Changing the number of chemical crosslinks between the biopolymers within the HELP hydrogel creates matrices with low, medium, and high stiffness. Right panel: PDAC organoids proliferated and grew similarly well within a commercially available Cultrex matrix or the engineered HELP hydrogels of Low, Medium, and High stiffness. Organoids grown in stiffer matrices (HELP High) became less sensitive to the chemotherapy gemcitabine, as shown by less immunostaining for the apoptosis marker cleaved caspase 3. Reprinted with permission (The figure is a modified version of a Fig. 1 in reference 16)