Table 2.

Diagnostic group differences in regional subcortical volume z-scores.

Mean (SD)	FASD	Comparison	Statistic (t)	Significance (p-value)	Effect Size (Cohen’s d)
Left thalamus	−0.46 (0.92)	−0.02 (0.91)	2.22	0.029	0.48
Right thalamus	−0.65 (0.95)	−0.17 (0.87)	2.42	0.017	0.52
Left caudate	−0.87 (1.09)	−0.01 (0.93)	3.97	< 0.001	0.85
Right caudate	−0.62 (1.09)	0.26 (0.84)	4.24	< 0.001	0.90
Left putamen	−1.36 (0.89)	−0.92 (0.91)	2.28	0.025	0.50
Right putamen	−1.25 (0.96)	−0.96 (1.05)	1.31	0.193	0.29
Left pallidum	−0.49 (1.08)	−0.39 (1.05)	0.45	0.656	0.10
Right pallidum	−1.25 (0.80)	−0.99 (0.98)	1.33	0.188	0.29
Left hippocampus	−1.31 (1.10)	−0.48 (0.80)	4.05	< 0.001	0.85
Right hippocampus	−1.09 (1.09)	−0.47 (0.88)	2.96	0.004	0.63
Left amygdala	−0.69 (0.99)	−0.25 (0.98)	2.07	0.042	0.45
Right amygdala	−0.67 (0.76)	−0.46 (0.86)	1.17	0.246	0.26
Left accumbens	0.07 (1.14)	0.48 (0.84)	1.94	0.056	0.41
Right accumbens	−0.83 (1.17)	−0.27 (1.0)	2.38	0.019	0.51

NOTE: The z-scores in the table are standardized scores, with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, representing the amount of deviation from the normative mean for each subcortical volume. All normative means have been adjusted for age, sex, and intracranial volume (ICV). All p-values are unadjusted.