Table 3.
Comparison of Patients with and without Chronic Epilepsy
| Characteristics | Chronic Epilepsy (n=17) | No Chronic Epilepsy (n=48) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female (%) | 4 (23.5) | 23 (47.9) | 0.080 |
| Age at onset (range), y | 64 (6–76) | 48.5 (9–77) | 0.025 |
| Delayed immunotherapy (%) | 8 (47.1) | 18 (37.5) | 0.489 |
| ≥2ASM | 8 (47.1) | 19 (39.6) | 0.591 |
| ICU admission (%) | 5 (29.4) | 9 (18.8) | 0.493 |
| Any cognitive concerns, n (%) | 13 (76.4) | 41 (85.4) | 0.458 |
| Presence of tumor (%) | 2 (11.7) | 4 (8.3) | 0.648 |
| Diffusion restriction (%) | |||
| Cortex (%) | 3 (17.6) | 9 (18.8) | 1.000 |
| Subcortex/white matter (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (10.4) | 0.315 |
| Medial temporal cortex (%) | 6 (35.2) | 10 (20.8) | 0.326 |
| Infra-tentorium (%) | 1 (5.9) | 3 (6.3) | 1.000 |
| Video-EEG | |||
| Diffuse slow wave | 5 (29.4) | 6 (12.5) | 0.138 |
| Interictal epileptiform discharge | 14 (82.3) | 25 (52.1) | 0.029 |
| Seizures captured | 8 (47.0) | 10 (20.8) | 0.058 |
| Initially treated with combined first-line IT, n (%) | 10 (58.8) | 29 (60.4) | 0.908 |
| Initially treated with long-term IT, n (%) | 1 (5.9) | 7 (14.6) | 0.669 |
| Initially treated with second-line IT, n (%) | 3 (17.6) | 6 (12.5) | 0.687 |
| Treated with long-term IT during course, n (%) | 5 (29.4) | 9 (18.8) | 0.493 |
| Treated with second-line IT during course, n (%) | 3 (17.6) | 6 (12.5) | 0.687 |
| Highest seizure frequency | |||
| Multiple daily/daily | 13 (76.5) | 13 (27.1) | 0.000 |
| Weekly | 1 (5.9) | 13 (27.1) | 0.091 |
| Monthly | 1 (5.9) | 1 (2.1) | 0.458 |
| Type of seizure at onset, (%) | |||
| FBDS | 5 (29.4) | 1 (2.1) | 0.004 |
| Focal seizures | 14 (82.4) | 27 (56.3) | 0.055 |
| SE | 7 (41.1) | 7 (14.6) | 0.037 |
| Antibody subtype | |||
| NMDAR | 2 (11.8) | 22 (45.8) | 0.012 |
| LGI1 | 14 (82.4) | 10 (20.8) | 0.000 |
| GABABR | 1 (5.9) | 7 (14.6) | 0.669 |
| CASE scores [M (P25,P75)] | 6 (5,8) | 4 (3,7) | 0.031 |
Abbreviations: ASM, antiseizure medication; ICU, intensive care unit; EEG, electroencephalography; IT, immunotherapy; FBDS, faciobrachial dystonic seizures; SE, status epilepticus; CASE, Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis.