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. 2024 Dec 28;14:31424. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83026-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — HI titers and GMI at day 28 after first immunization in BALB/c mice. (a-d) The serum HI titers were detected by HI against H1N1, H3N2, BV, and BY at day 28. The data represent geometric mean with 95% CI. (e) Dynamic changes in GMI at various time points. (f) The SCRs for H1N1, H3N2, BY, and BV types. The dotted line indicates HI titers of 1:40 which are suggested to indicate a probability of clinical protection of at least 50%. This titer serves as a threshold for predicting protection. N = 9 to 12. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.